Cell cycle and Mitosis Flashcards
What controls the cell cycle
cyclin
reasons for mitosis
growth
repair
asexual reproduction
sections of interphase
G1
G1 checkpoint
S Phase
G2
G2 checkpoint
G1
Gap 1
cell does what it’s supposed to
S Phase
DNA synthesis
chromosomes copy but stay together
G2
Gap 2
Cell does normal functions
continues to grow
Kinetochore
where spindles attach during cell division
stages of mitosis
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Prophase
Chromatin/chromosomes condense
Prometaphase
membrane dissolves
microtubules invade
microtubules attach to kinetochore
Metaphase
chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
anaphase (2 theories)
chromosomes pull apart
-centrosomes pull apart
-spindles shorten
Telophase
Chromosomes are surrounded by nuclear membrane
spindle disassembles
What do centrosomes do in mitosis
-made of two centrioles at right angles of each other
-duplicates
-Spindles originate from
Cytokinesis in animal cells
furrow develops between two cells
furrow deepens like a drawstring until they separate
Cytokinesis in plant cells
-cell wall material comes in vesicles
-the vesicle keep coming and attaching to each other until they create a line
-Once fully fused they become a cell wall the the cells sperate
What is telomere
thing on the end of your chromosomes that shortens over every replication until it can’t anymore and it dies
What do internal controls do
Create checkpoints
What do external controls do
Peptide is a short protein (30 amino acids long)
Cellular senescence
Loss of proliferating over time (getting old)
What is responsible for cellular senescence
DNA damage (smoking)
Telomere shortening
What happens during cancer
-Cell division is lost
-Cells divide uncontrollably
-Masses of cells grow so large they interfere with body functions
Metastasis
Clumps of the original cell breaking off and spreading to the other parts of the body
How many chromatids does a cell 2n=4 have during G2 in the cell cycle
8
The stage of Mitosis that takes the longest to complete
prophase
cell plate formation occurs
in plant cells
Cells in the G0 stage of the cell cycle
are in a state of cell division arrest
Do lysosomes break down in the nuclear membrane
No
after telophase 1 daughter cells are
haploid
what mitotic phase takes the longest to complete
prophase 1
in human development which phase of meiosis do the eggs in a female fetus suspend development until puberty
prophase 1
3 things of chiasmata formation
-always between homologous chromosomes
-lead to genetic variation in resulting offspring
-occurs during metaphase 1
