Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 120 (university) > Key defentions > Flashcards

Key defentions Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A

Colourless fluid part of the body where fat is suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glycocalyx and example

A

Outer covering secreted outside the cell wall by some bacteria; protects cell from adverse conditions

EX: traps water and protects the cell from dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gene

A

a unit of hereditary information that contributes to the inherited characteristics or traits of an organism; composed of a specific organized sequence of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organelle

A

subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; include microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phospholipid

A

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Desturase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of single bonds to double bonds in fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sterol

A

steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at C-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Uses ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses an electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

determines the direction ions will flow through an open ion channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

symporter

A

a membrane protein that moves two different molecules across a cell membrane in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cotransport

A

a process that moves two different substances across a cell membrane at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

zygote

A

a single-celled organism that is formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

self-pollination

A

when pollen is transferred from the same plant to fertilize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cross pollination

A

when pollen fertilizes a flower from another plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pleiotropy

A

production of a single gene of two or more unrelated effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Linkage map

A

a graph that shows the relative location of genetic markers on a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

reciprocal cross

A

a breeding experiment that involves crossing two organisms of different traits twice with the sex of the parents reversed in the second cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

antiparallel

A

parallel but moving or oriented in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

semiconservative replication model

A

a mechanism that explains how DNA is duplicated in all known cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

discontinuous replication model

A

synthesizing a new strand of DNA in a series of short fragments, called Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

mRNA

A

carry genetic information needed to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer
A link between mRNA and amino acids during synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that copies DNA into RNA in transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Promotor

A

a DNA sequence that initiates the transcription of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Terminators

A

sequence of nucleotides that signals the end of a gene or operon during transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

mRNA splicing

A

changes a precursor mRNA into a mature RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Genetic Code

A

nucleotide triplet of DNA and RNA molecules that carries genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Transcription factor

A

factor that regulates the rate at which DNA is transcribed into mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Polyadenylation

A

a process that adds a poly-A-tail to the 3’ end of RNA molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Base-Pair Substitution

A

genetic mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide in a DNA molecule replaced by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Missense

A

gene mutation that occurs when single nucleotide change in DNA results in replacement of amino acid in a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum of an organism’s anabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions

36
Q

describe a polymer

A

A large molecule made up of smaller molecules joined together

37
Q

Name a five-carbon sugar

A

ribose

38
Q

Which type of cells are the most numerous in the human body?

A

eruthrocytes

39
Q

The best type of microscopy for viewing living cells is

A

phase contrast

40
Q

The instrument used to slice thin sections of material for viewing in a microscope is called a

A

microtome

41
Q

prokaryotes have a cell wall composed primarily of

A

peptidoglycan

42
Q

A scientist wants to examen the detailed structure of pollen grains to identify the time of year the sample represents. Which one of the following instruments would be best?

A

scanning electron microscope

43
Q

Which are more closely related on the phylogenetic tree?
a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Bacteria and Eukaryota
c. Archaea and Eukaryota.
d. All are equally related
e. None of the choices are correct.

A

archae and eukaryota

44
Q

Are ribosomes in the nucleus

A

no

45
Q

Is the endomembrane system a system of interrelated membranes that are physically connected

A

no

46
Q

Where is sarcoplasmic reticulum not found in abundance

A

liver cells

47
Q

3 things about glycoproteins

A

important for cell signaling
found only on cell membranes
processed in the rough ER

48
Q

3 things that can diffuse through the plasma membrane

A

oxygen
water
carbon dioxide

49
Q

when does chromosome nondisjunction happen

A

anaphase I or II

50
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

51
Q

how do vesicles move from the rough ER to the Golgi

A

motor proteins transport them on microtubule tracks

52
Q

thermodynamics

A

Physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy

53
Q

Entropy

A

measure of a systems thermal energy per unit of temperature that is doesn’t do useful work

54
Q

spontaneous reaction

A

a reaction in which the reactants in a given set of conditions are transformed into products without external influences or energy input

55
Q

Enthalpy

A

the measure of energy in a thermodynamic system

56
Q

Reactants

A

a substance that takes part in and changes during a reaction

57
Q

free energy (ΔG)

A

a thermodynamic quantity tot eh capacity of a system to do work

58
Q

concentration gradient

A

a difference in the concentration of a substance from one place to another

59
Q

Equilibrium

A

a state in which opposing forces are balanced

60
Q

exergonic reaction

A

a metabolic or chemical process accompanied by the release of energy

61
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reaction that requires energy and is absorbed in the form of work

62
Q

catabolic pathway

A

series of biochemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

63
Q

anabolic pathway

A

chemical reaction that build complex molecules from simpler ones, while using energy

64
Q

energy coupling

A

using energy produced by one reaction to power another reaction

65
Q

coupled reaction

A

chemical reaction where two reactions are linked together with one reaction releasing energy to drive another

66
Q

activation energy

A

minimum quantity of energy which reactants posses in order to undergo certain reactions

67
Q

Catalyst

A

chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change

68
Q

transition state

A

the point where there is a maximum value of energy

69
Q

Substrate

A

a medium where chemical reactions occur

70
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

a temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to an enzyme

71
Q

cofactor

A

a substance other than the substrate which is essential for enzyme activity

72
Q

rate of enzyme activity increases with

A

an increase in the concentration of the enzyme

73
Q

pH optimum:

A

pH at which a substance like an enzyme functions best

74
Q

temperature optimum:

A

Temperature at which something functions best

75
Q

Combustion

A

rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen producing heat and light

76
Q

electron carrier

A

small molecule that transfers electrons from one molecule to another

77
Q

intermembrane space

A

area between two or more membranes in a cell

78
Q

Matrix

A

material in plant and animal cells (in a specific part of the mitochondria

79
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

metabolic reaction that produces ATP or GTP

80
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

cellular respiration process that uses glucose energy to produce ATP

81
Q

Fermentation

A

break down of sugars and other organic material into simpler compounds

82
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

cells break down sugars to generate ATP without oxygen

83
Q

accessory pigments

A

light absorbing compounds that increase the range of light wavelengths used in photosynthesis

84
Q

photosystem I

A

moves electrons across the thylakoid membrane

85
Q

photosystem II

A

uses light energy to split water molecules releasing oxygen and electrons into ETC

86
Q

antenna complex and other name

A

(light harvesting complex) proteins and light-sensitive pigments that absorb light energy and transfers in into the reaction center

87
Q

reaction centre

A

protein complex in chloroplasts that converts light energy into chemical energy

Bio 120 (university) (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions