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Bio 120 (university) > Key defentions > Flashcards

Key defentions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma

A

Colourless fluid part of the body where fat is suspended

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2
Q

Glycocalyx and example

A

Outer covering secreted outside the cell wall by some bacteria; protects cell from adverse conditions

EX: traps water and protects the cell from dehydration

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3
Q

Gene

A

a unit of hereditary information that contributes to the inherited characteristics or traits of an organism; composed of a specific organized sequence of DNA

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes

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5
Q

Organelle

A

subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; include microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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7
Q

Phospholipid

A

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

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8
Q

Desturase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of single bonds to double bonds in fatty acids

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9
Q

Sterol

A

steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at C-3

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10
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Uses ATP

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11
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses an electrochemical gradient

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12
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

determines the direction ions will flow through an open ion channel

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13
Q

symporter

A

a membrane protein that moves two different molecules across a cell membrane in the same direction

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14
Q

cotransport

A

a process that moves two different substances across a cell membrane at the same time

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15
Q

zygote

A

a single-celled organism that is formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg

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16
Q

self-pollination

A

when pollen is transferred from the same plant to fertilize it

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17
Q

cross pollination

A

when pollen fertilizes a flower from another plant

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18
Q

Pleiotropy

A

production of a single gene of two or more unrelated effects

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19
Q

Linkage map

A

a graph that shows the relative location of genetic markers on a chromosome

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20
Q

reciprocal cross

A

a breeding experiment that involves crossing two organisms of different traits twice with the sex of the parents reversed in the second cross

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21
Q

antiparallel

A

parallel but moving or oriented in opposite directions

22
Q

semiconservative replication model

A

a mechanism that explains how DNA is duplicated in all known cells

23
Q

discontinuous replication model

A

synthesizing a new strand of DNA in a series of short fragments, called Okazaki fragments

24
Q

mRNA

A

carry genetic information needed to make proteins

25
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer
A link between mRNA and amino acids during synthesis

26
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that copies DNA into RNA in transcription

27
Q

Promotor

A

a DNA sequence that initiates the transcription of a gene

28
Q

Terminators

A

sequence of nucleotides that signals the end of a gene or operon during transcription

29
Q

mRNA splicing

A

changes a precursor mRNA into a mature RNA

30
Q

Genetic Code

A

nucleotide triplet of DNA and RNA molecules that carries genetic information

31
Q

Transcription factor

A

factor that regulates the rate at which DNA is transcribed into mRNA

32
Q

Polyadenylation

A

a process that adds a poly-A-tail to the 3’ end of RNA molecules

33
Q

Base-Pair Substitution

A

genetic mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide in a DNA molecule replaced by another

34
Q

Missense

A

gene mutation that occurs when single nucleotide change in DNA results in replacement of amino acid in a protein

35
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum of an organism’s anabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions

36
Q

describe a polymer

A

A large molecule made up of smaller molecules joined together

37
Q

Name a five-carbon sugar

A

ribose

38
Q

Which type of cells are the most numerous in the human body?

A

eruthrocytes

39
Q

The best type of microscopy for viewing living cells is

A

phase contrast

40
Q

The instrument used to slice thin sections of material for viewing in a microscope is called a

A

microtome

41
Q

prokaryotes have a cell wall composed primarily of

A

peptidoglycan

42
Q

A scientist wants to examen the detailed structure of pollen grains to identify the time of year the sample represents. Which one of the following instruments would be best?

A

scanning electron microscope

43
Q

Which are more closely related on the phylogenetic tree?
a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Bacteria and Eukaryota
c. Archaea and Eukaryota.
d. All are equally related
e. None of the choices are correct.

A

archae and eukaryota

44
Q

Are ribosomes in the nucleus

A

no

45
Q

Is the endomembrane system a system of interrelated membranes that are physically connected

A

no

46
Q

Where is sarcoplasmic reticulum not found in abundance

A

liver cells

47
Q

3 things about glycoproteins

A

important for cell signaling
found only on cell membranes
processed in the rough ER

48
Q

3 things that can diffuse through the plasma membrane

A

oxygen
water
carbon dioxide

49
Q

when does chromosome nondisjunction happen

A

anaphase I or II

50
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

51
Q

how do vesicles move from the rough ER to the Golgi

A

motor proteins transport them on microtubule tracks

Bio 120 (university) (9 decks)

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