Cells & Microscopes Flashcards
characteristics of living things (7)
1- Display order
2- Have energy and metabolism
3- Grow an develop
4-Homeostasis (state of being)
5- Reproduction
6- Adapt to environment
7- Response to stimuli
Parts to modern cell theory (3)
1- All cells are made from other cells
2- All living things are made of cells
3- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
3 things all living things do
-Respire (breathe)
-Excrete
-Replicate
what does totipotent mean
Each cell can perform all the functions of the cell in an organism
microscopy
the use of a microscope
what do animal cells look like
curved or curcular
what do plant cells look like
straight square edges
types of electron microscopes (2)
-transmission
-scanning
surface area =
volume ratio
types of cells (2)
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
What don’t prokaryotic cells have
Membrane bound organelles
nucleus
How do prokaryotes reproduce
Binary Fission
How is Prokaryotic DNA held
In a single-celled chromsome
5 Types Eukaryotic cells
animal
plant
fungi
algae
protozoa
How do Eukaryotes hold their DNA
multi-cellular chromosomes
Do both animal and plant cells have a vacuole
yes
What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t
chlorophyl
chloroplast
Cell wall
What do animal cells have that plant cells don’t
centrosomes
lysosomes
What shape is bacterial flagellum
spiral shaped
What is Archea
Bacteria that live in odd environments (EX: hot springs, acidic waters)
What Eukaryote are humans most alike
Fungi
6 Functions of the nucleus
-Stores genes in chromosomes
-Organize the genes into chromosomes which allow the cell to divide
-Transports gene products through nuclear pores
-mRNA is sent into the cytoplasm
-Produces ribosomes
-Organizes the uncoiling of DNA to reveal certain genes at certain times
What is the only thing you can see under a light microscope
nucleus
Part of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm (liquid)
Nucleolus
Chromosomes(DNA)
The more nuclear pores a cell has the more… (plus example)
the cell is doing ( bald hair proteins have very little because they aren’t producing hair
Two types of endoplasmic reticulum
rough smooth
Why is rough ER rough
ribosomes are stuck to it
2 things rough ER does
produces a protein and stuffs it inside itself
synthesizes proteins
Is rough or smooth ER closer to the nucleus
rough
What does smooth ER look like
a collection of tubes
Where is smooth ER found (3)
liver
testes
ovaries
What does smooth ER do
lipid synthesis
detoxes drugs and toxins
Where is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum found
in smooth ER
in smooth and striated muscles (not the heart)
what does Sarcoplasmic Reticulum do
pumps calcium to cause muscle striation
What are vesicles
pieces of ER that has budded off and is being carried to the Golgi Apparatus
What do ribosomes do
Produce secretory proteins such as antibodies
Who discovered the Golgi Apparatus and when
Senor Golgi in 1898
What does the Golgi Apparatus look like
a stack of disks
faces of Golgi Apparatus, how they look, and what they do
Trans face is concave (buds off and leaves)
Cis face is (vesicles come in)
What does the Golgi Apparatus do (5)
labels, sorts, and stores
adrenaline in synthesized
Mucus from the intestine is synthesized
Processes protein and lipids
Adds mannose 6 phosphate
What are Lysosomes compaired to
Sarcan
What do Lysosomes contain
40 enzymes
What do Lysosomes do (4)
-Intercellular digestion (digest what’s between cells, not being used)
-Heterophagic digestion (digest foreign bodies EX: white blood cells
-Autolysis (Apoptosis- programmed cell death) EX: cells between your fingers die to create a space between fingers
-cell division (during prophase the nuclear membrane breaks down)
3 things found in Prokaryotic cells
ribsomes
cell wall
cell membrane
What organelle is typically found in animal cells, but not in plant cells
centrioles
Who is credited for cell theory
Mathias Schleiden
Theodore Schwan
Is smooth Er the site of glycosylation for proteins
NO
Are lysosomes double-membrane bound
no
What are centrioles made of
a protein called Tubulin
Is the Nuclear pore of Nucleolus more complex
Nuclear pore
Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic
How many cells?
Size of ribosomes?
Has a cytoskeleton?
Reproduction type?
Pro Euk
unicellular multicellular
small large
no yes
asexual asexual or sexual
What is ATP
source of energy for use and storage in cells
Glycocalyx
a covering which surrounds cell membranes of bacteria, and other cells
3 types of microbodies
peroxisomes
glycosomes
glyoxisomes
peroxisomes
break down what lysosomes can’t and remove toxic peroxides
Glycosomes
similar to peroxisomes found in protozoa
glyoxisomes
peroxisomes found in plants especially oil producing plants
what does the mitochondria do
generates ATP which powers the cell
Where does mitochondrial DNA come from
our mothers
Where are chloroplasts found
plant cells
What do chloroplasts do
photosythesis
chromoplast
plant pigment other than green
leukeoplast
white and filled with fat
amyoplast
filled with amylaze
statolith
makes stones in stone fruits, and what makes pears gritty
elements of cytoskeleton
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microfilaments (4)
made from actin
2 stands twisted together
found in muscle tissue
how Amoeba move
Microtubules
around Nuclei
tubes made of 2 types of tubulin
can be built and taken apart fast and easy
intermediate filaments
give cell shape
anchors things so they don’t sink
made of keratin
