Memory - 8

Question 1

DRM Paradigm

Answer 1

-human memory is more reconstructed in nature → everytime you remember information, it is not retrieved how it was stored, instead is a reconstruction or inference of prior experience

Question 2

Memory follows: encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

Retrieval cue

Answer 3

any piece of info that can be used to access other information that is stored in memory

Question 4

2 Common Ways to Test Memory

Answer 4

1. Free recall - both participants ability to remember items from encoding phase (generate items from yourself)
2. `Recognition test - show a list of items and have to check if they remember them or not (old vs new)

Question 5

Patient HM

Answer 5

chronic seizures, removed large portions of hippocampus on both sides of brain (linked to memories is hippocampus). He stopped having seizures but had anterograde amnesia → couldn’t remember new memories but had the same IQ, short-term memory was intact and could learn complex new motor skills

Question 6

Short term memory

Answer 6

held for soon use but does not hold onto it unless transferred to long term

Question 7

George miller

Answer 7

conducted people can remember about 7 numbers +/- 2 at a time
-items at beginning of list are more likely to be remembered as they have more time to be rehearsed
-latest items can also be well remembered

Question 8

Serial position curve

Question 9

Levels of processing principle

Answer 9

the more we try to organise and understand the material, the better we remember it

Question 10

it’s possible that even the faintest of memories can be stored in the brain in some way

Question 11

-memories that never happened can be implanted to people’s brains
→ recalling a memory is open to reconstruction

Question 12

Central Executive:

Answer 12

Coordinates and manipulates the information stored in
the working memory and helps you to focus and sort info.

Question 13

Chunking:

Answer 13

The process by which information is organized into sets of
familiar groups or categories of items. This can help increase the total
number of items held in memory.

phone number in chunks

Question 14

Decay theory

Answer 14

the idea that forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time

Question 15

Declarative/explicit memory

Answer 15

-abilityto store/retireve semantic and episodic memory

-Memories for factual
information (semantic memory)

-memories that are tied to a particular
place and time (episodic memory).

Question 16

Echoic Memory:

Answer 16

Sensory memory for our auditory system.

Question 17

Encoding:

Answer 17

How information initially enters into memory. A selective
process that is highly dependent on attention.

Question 18

Encoding Specificity:

Answer 18

When we encode a particular item into memory, the
item is not processed in isolation but together with the surrounding context.

if you study for a test in a specific room, you will perform better on that test if you take it in the same room

Question 19

Episodic Buffer:

Answer 19

A new addition of the working memory model. It is
thought to draw on the other buffers (phonological loop and visuospatial
sketchpad) as well as on other stored long-term memories. This aspect of
working memory is engaged when remembering specific past episodes.

Question 20

False Fame Effect:

Answer 20

-patient studies list of names and think names theyve already studied are famous

(source monitoring error)mixing up source of infor

Question 21

Forgetting Curve:

Answer 21

Memory savings plotted over time.

Question 22

Free-Recall Paradigm:

Answer 22

Participants are required to study of list of words
presented one at a time. They then need to recall as many words as they
can in any order.

Question 23

Haptic Memory:

Answer 23

Sensory memory for touch

-know the feeling of water dropping on skin

Question 24

Iconic Memory:

Answer 24

Sensory memory by our visual system.

Question 25

Levels of Processing:

Answer 25

A proposition by Craik and Lockhart that memory is
not subdivided into separate stores. Instead, memory is conceived of as a
continuum; items encoded at a deeper level (more attention, more
elaboration) result in a longer lasting memory trace than items encoded at a
more shallow level (less attention, less elaboration).

Question 26

Long-Term Memory:

Answer 26

The permanent storage of our memory. Breaks down
into declarative (semantic and episodic) and nondeclarative memories
(implicit and procedural).

Question 27

Memory Savings:

Answer 27

The difference in the time it takes to memorize a list at
test compared to retest.

Question 28

Misinformation Effect:

Answer 28

The creation of false memories by incorporating
new erroneous information with an old memory.

Question 29

Mnemonic Strategy:

Answer 29

A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or
associations that assists in remembering something.

Question 30

Nondeclarative Memory:

Answer 30

A combination of implicit and procedural
memories. These memories are more automatic and unconscious.
-procedural, priming, classical condtioning

Question 31

Phonological Loop:

Answer 31

phonological loop is crucial for tasks that involve verbal working memory, such as remembering a phone number long enough to dial it or following spoken instruction

Question 32

Primacy Effect:

Answer 32

Participants during a free-recall task remember more
words presented at the beginning list.

Question 33

Proactive Interference:

Answer 33

Information learned prior to a specific memory
interferes with its retrieval.

Question 34

Reality Monitoring:

Answer 34

Our ability to discriminate real memories from those
that are thought or imagined.

Question 35

Recency Effect:

Answer 35

Participants during a free-recall task remember more
words presented at the end of the list.

Question 36

Repressed Memory:

Answer 36

A painful memory that has been forgotten as a
defense mechanism.

Question 37

Retrieval:

Answer 37

The act of recovering stored information. Memory retrieval is
dependent on retrieval cues—a key piece of information that has the
potential to activate a memory in full.

Question 38

Retroactive Interference:

Answer 38

Information learned after a specific memory
interferes with its retrieval.

Question 39

Schemas:

Answer 39

With regard to memory, it is the mental frameworks for
interpreting the world around us based on prior experiences.

Question 40

Self-Referent Effect:

Answer 40

Information encoded with ‘me-in-mind’ is better
remembered than information encoded with something or someone else in
mind.

Question 41

Sensory Memory:

Answer 41

The transient maintenance of perceptual and physical
information from the very recent past.

Question 42

Short-Term Memory:

Answer 42

Information that is selected from sensory memory
enters consciousness and is maintained in the short-term or working

enters consciousness and is maintained in the short-term or working
memory buffer. It is thought to operate like RAM on a computer, whereby
the selected information is held online for a short period of time but not
necessarily stored permanently.

Question 43

Source Monitoring Error:

Answer 43

When we cannot recall where we learned a
piece of information.

Question 44

Storage:

Answer 44

Concerns how the record of memory is maintained over time. This
record is not fixed and can be modified.

Question 45

Transfer-Appropriate Processing:

Answer 45

Memory is aided when similar
processes are engaged at encoding and retrieval. This is primarily due to
encoding specificity.

Question 46

Visuospatial Sketchpad:

Answer 46

A new addition to the working memory model. It
is thought to temporarily represent and manipulate visual information.

Question 47

Working Memory:

Answer 47

Consists of three short-term buffers (or stores): the
phonological or articulatory loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the

episodic buffer. Working memory is the modern understanding of short-
term memory.