Deck 7

Question 1

Observational research

Answer 1

Studies conducted without manipulating a variable (for unethical or unreasonable research)

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Association between 2 related events (aka Pavlovian conditioning)

Question 3

Contingent relationship

Answer 3

Presence of 1 stimulus leads to the presentation of another stimulus

Question 4

Classical contingency

Answer 4

Learning a contingency between a signal and event that are paired closely in time and/or space

Question 5

Acquisition

Answer 5

the moment a response is established in conditioning

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

Loss of contingency, CS no longer predicts the US

Question 7

New inhibitory response

Answer 7

Interacts/competes with original contingency

Question 8

Phobias

Answer 8

Develop through a CS that’s similar to a US that also elicits fear

Question 9

Implosive therapy

Answer 9

Person confronts CS with their imagination; CS is presented without the US

Question 10

Systematic desensitization

Answer 10

Gradual exposure to a stimulus

Question 11

Compensatory response

Answer 11

natural mechanism we have to try to restore homestasis when stressed - grabbing a beer after work

Question 12

Drug withdrawal responses

Answer 12

mere presentation of environemntal cues can trigger response (seeing empty syriinge

Question 13

Instrumental conditioning

Answer 13

Training a contingency between voluntary behaviour and its consequences

Question 14

Reinforcer

Answer 14

Stimulus presented after a response that affects the frequency of which that response is performed

Question 15

Shaping by successive approximation

Answer 15

Teaching complex behaviours by reinforcing smaller steps

succesive approximation = rewarding small steps towards ideal behaviour

shaping = learning

Question 16

Intelligence

Answer 16

Cognitive ability to learn from experience, reason, remember important information, and cope with daily demands of living

Question 17

Problem solving

Answer 17

Ability to create solutions

Question 18

Gardner’s 8 types of intelligence

Answer 18

Verbal, mathematical, musical, spatial, kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

Question 19

Piaget intelligence development

Answer 19

Schema: mental framework to help interpret the surrounding world

Association assimilation: incorporating new information into existing schemas or modifying the schema to incorporate new information

Question 20

Stages of Piaget intelligence development

Answer 20

2 Preoperational stage: 2-7 yrs, geocentricism, seriation, reversible relationships, and conservation tasks

1# Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 yrs old, child discovers they can modify the world around them

Object permanence: objects still exist outside of their range of sight

Question 21

Phenomenon of Decalage

Answer 21

Children may develop skills out of Piaget’s order

Question 22

Heuristics

Answer 22

Mental shortcuts

Question 23

Criteria to qualify as language

Answer 23

Arbitrary, regular, and productive

Question 24

Infant language milestones

Answer 24

8 wks- cooing, vowel sounds
16 wks- turns head towards voices
6 mo- babbling
8 mo- complex, non-random babbling
2 yo- 50-250 words, 2 word phrases
2.5 yo- vocabulary over 805 words

Question 25

Language explosion

Answer 25

Between 1.5-6 yrs, children rapidly expand their vocabulary