Categories and Concepts - 6

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

(a function of categorization) the ability to classify dissimilar objects together in the same group → ex. Despite red, green and yellow apples looking different, we can classify them all as apples and assume they’re safe to eat

Question 2

understanding

Answer 2

the ability to evaluate a situation and act appropriately based on prior experiences → ex. If we come across two people shouting, we understand they probably don’t want our opinion

Question 3

communication

Answer 3

the ability to describe complex ideas or objects using a single label

Question 4

illusion of the expert

Answer 4

the feeling that a task must be simple for everyone because it is simple for oneself

Question 5

prototype theory

Answer 5

makes us categorise new objects by comparing them to our prototypes

Question 6

exemplar theory

Answer 6

we categorise objects by comparing them to EVERY (multiple) previously stored experience in a given category

Question 7

prototype theory vs exemplar theory chart

Answer 7

protoype= more simple, internal average

exemplar = multipple experiences

Question 8

evidence suggests that children as young as 3 can categorize

Answer 8

Katie knows her dog likes doggy treats so she can generalize to assume all dogs like doggy treats

Question 9

Anomia

Answer 9

A disorder in which an individual loses their ability to name
common objects. These individuals are still able to understand the object’s
function.

Question 10

Borderline Members

Answer 10

Category members that do not clearly belong inside or outside of a particular category

Question 11

Categorization

Answer 11

The act of assigning an item to a particular category. It
involves grouping objects, events, and ideas together.

Question 12

Category

Answer 12

A set of objects or events in the real world that are grouped
together, often on the basis of similarity.

Question 13

Concepts

Answer 13

An understanding of a category.

Question 14

Essentialism

Answer 14

members of a category have deep underlying
properties that cause them to be in that category.

-natural/unchanging characteristics

Question 15

Family resemblance

Answer 15

The idea that members of a category share
overlapping features, even though each individual feature may not be
shared amongst all members. Family resemblance suggests that all
members of a category resemble one another.

Question 16

Graded Membership

Answer 16

some category members are more
representative of a category than others and are closer in degree to the
category prototype.

Question 17

Category Prototype

Answer 17

Think of the most typical category member: This is often called the category prototype. Items that are less and less similar to the prototype become less and less typical. At some point, these less typical items become so atypical that you start to doubt whether they are in the category at all.

Question 18

Ill-defined Category

Answer 18

A category that cannot be defined using rules. Most
categories are ill-defined.

Question 19

Natural Kinds

Answer 19

Objects that exist in the natural world. This includes plants,
animals, and non-living things such as rocks and water.

Question 20

Object Agnosia

Answer 20

A disorder in which individuals cannot recognize objects
despite having perfect vision.

Question 21

Old Item Advantage Effect:

Answer 21

its easier to categorize already known items compared to new items.

One advantage exemplar theory has over prototype theory is that it explains
the ‘old item advantage effect’

Question 22

Prototype Theory

Answer 22

heory of categorization of 1
‘ideal’ member for each category that represents the average or ‘best’ of all
category members

Question 23

Sentence Verification Task

Answer 23

An experimental procedure in which
participants are presented with a sentence and must determine whether
that sentence is true or false as quickly as possible.

Question 24

Typicality

Answer 24

How representative a category member is of that particular
category.

Question 25

Understanding

Answer 25

One of the functions of categorization. It is our ability to
evaluate a situation and act accordingly.

Question 26

Well-defined Category:

Answer 26

A category that can be defined using rules.