Attention - 7

Question 1

-phenomen → model → hypothesis

Question 2

automatic processes

Answer 2

are involuntary and catch your attention, are fast and efficient

Question 3

controlled processes

Answer 3

conscious attention, slow and effortful

Question 4

breakthrough

Answer 4

participants remember unattended information

Question 5

treesmans and broadbents physical filter

Answer 5

Dual filter model. Better than Broadbent’s model. First information passes through the physical filter which weighs the importance of incoming stimuli based on cues, and passes on info to semantic filter, brighter or louder stimulus given more weight than a quieter stimulus. Semantic filter takes in deeper meaning and relevance and chooses which info will be attended to, while rest is discarded. Helps to explain Broadbent’s findings from dichotic listening, and breakthrough and results of Von right

broadbents: Created single filter model of attention based on physical characteristics of stimuli. Sensory information that does not pass filter is eliminated, info that does pass goes to further processing. Explains shadowing paradigm

Question 6

stroop task

Answer 6

(red but in a blue font) - researchers have to identify font colour and not the word

Question 7

proportion congruent manipulation

Answer 7

change the ratio of congruent to incongruent trials

Question 8

set size

Answer 8

the number of items to search through

Question 9

set size effect

Answer 9

increase in difficult to find object as set size increases

Question 10

pop out effect

Answer 10

when the object of a visual search is easily found, regardless of set size - easily undecided by colour

Question 11

-creating designated space for your items makes searching process easier

Question 12

Attenuation Theory:

Answer 12

Unattended information is not completely filtered
out, as proposed in the single filter model, but rather ‘turned down’ or
attenuated. The attenuator replaces the filter in Broadbent’s model,
allowing all information to pass but with differently assigned weightings
depending on whether the information is physically similar to the target or
not.

Question 13

Bottleneck

Answer 13

Only a limited amount of attentional information can be
passed on for further processing.

Question 14

Bottom-Up Processing

Answer 14

The raw data gathered by our senses.

Question 15

Breakthrough

Answer 15

When relevant information from an unattended channel is heard, such as someone calling your name at a busy party.

Question 16

Change Blindness

Answer 16

A perceptual phenomenon where a change has
occurred in a visual scene, but the observer does not notice or cannot
identify it.

Question 17

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 17

Despite competing background noises, a listener
can focus on a single channel of information (e.g., having a conversation
amidst many other people talking in the background).

Question 18

Conjunctive Search

Answer 18

When at item does not pop-out during a visual search
task, you must examine each item individually to determine if it is the target.
As set size increases, so does search time.

Question 19

Covert Orienting

Answer 19

Attending to something without looking at it

thinkingabout something while driving

Question 20

Dichotic Listening Paradigm

Answer 20

Participants wear headphones where one
message is presented to one ear (that is attended to) and a different
message is presented to the other ear (that is not attended to). The
participant is typically instructed to shadow (immediately repeat the
message) in the attended ear.

subjects were very capable of successful shadowing and successful blocking.

Question 21

Early Selection Theory

Answer 21

Our attentional filter is located early in the
process. Information is filtered out early before any semantic processing has
occurred. This theory was proposed by Broadbent.

Question 22

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 22

A highly detailed and vivid ‘snapshot’ of a moment.
Typically occurs during a time when an important piece of news was heard.
Not always as accurate as they may seem.

Question 23

Inattentional Blindness

Answer 23

Our limited attentional resources can result in missing out (not noticing) some very important or salient things.

Question 24

Inhibition of Return:

Answer 24

IOR tends to prevent your gaze (and attention) from
revisiting a previously attended location. In turn, this promotes orienting
towards new and previously unsearched locations, which should result in a
more efficient search.

Question 25

Late Filter Model

Answer 25

Suggests filtering occurs after physical and semantic
analysis and only selected information goes on for further processing due to
limitations in processing capacity.

Question 26

Pop-Out Effect

Answer 26

The bottom up capture of attention driven by a salient physical property of the target during a visual search task. If a target “pops-
out”, search time is unaffected by set size.

Question 27

Orienting

Answer 27

The act by which attention moves across a scene.

Question 28

Overt Attending:

Answer 28

The obvious process of looking to where you are
attending.

Question 29

Schema

Answer 29

In the context of visual search, it is a representation depicting the
range of plausible objects and likely configurations of those objects within
particular scenes. It can help guide your search for a target.

Question 30

Selective Attention

Answer 30

Leads to attended items being better remembered
when compared to unattended items

Question 31

Set Size

Answer 31

The total number of items during a visual search task. This can
vary from trial to trial

Question 32

Spotlight Model

Answer 32

The idea that attention is like a spotlight, enhancing
things that fall within its focus.

Question 33

Stroop Paradigm:

Answer 33

A task in which a participant is required to identify the
colour of ink a colour word is written in while ignoring the word itself. For
example, the word red written in blue ink. The participant must say “blue”.
This task proves difficult due to the automatic nature of word reading.

Question 34

Top-Down Processing

Answer 34

Using a combination of our memories, biases, and
heuristics to interpret information.

Question 35

Visual Search Paradigm

Answer 35

A task where the participant is required to locate
a target among a set of distractor items.