Forming Impressions - 9

Question 1

kelley’s covariation theory

Answer 1

predicts how a behaviour is due to an individual’s personal disposition or the situation and circumstances. Three variables are used to determine if a behaviour is dispositional or situational: consensus (different people, same situation), distinctiveness (same person, different situations), consistency (same person, same situation at other times)

Question 2

consensus

Answer 2

high = many people agree, low = different opinions/way of behaving in same situations

Question 3

distinctiveness

Answer 3

high = situational (they don’t behave this way in other situations), low = disposition (they do behave this way in similar situations)

Question 4

consistency

Answer 4

how do they behave this way at other times in the exact same situation
High (they usually behave this way in this situation) = situational or dispositional, low (don’t usually behave this way in this citation)= wider situational (maybe a promotion at work is making them less critical of this situation)

Question 5

-situational attribution = high conscious, high discitis, high constituency
-dispositional attribution = low consdens, low responsiveness, high consistency
-wider situational = low or high consensus, low or high distinctiveness, low consistency

Question 6

-we make decisions to act based on three principles:

Answer 6

Degree of choice: the amount of freedom a person had in choosing their onion or behaviour
Expectation: the degree to which an individuals behaviour in a particular social role matches our expectations for that role
Intended consequences: the goals and motivations of a person underlying their behaviour

Question 7

defying expectations

Answer 7

more informative

Question 8

actor/observer effect

Answer 8

thinking im late cause of trafic, co worker is late because theyre lazy

Question 9

-self serving bias → failure = situational, success = dispotional

Question 10

-availability of flaws:

Question 11

attractiveness is governed by several key facts

Answer 11

proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness, and others’ opinions of us. You are also more likely to be attracted to people who live close to or work closely with/how often you interact
look into physical vs function distance at 29 min

Question 12

mere exposure effect

Answer 12

a tendency to perceive previous stimuli as more favourable

Question 13

-we assume things that are physically attractive are good —> physically attractive people are viewed as kinder and more intelligent

Question 14

halo effect (thorndike 1920)

Answer 14

tendency to attribute more positive characteristics to indians that make a positive impression → we expect confident and attractive people to be good natured before we’ve even met them

Question 15

-when opposite to the initial impression, the new impression is strongly influential: hated someone first but likes the now = highly liked now. Loved someone first but hate now = really hate now. Storinger like/dislike for when its opposite compared to if your feelings for them started positive and stayed positive or started negative and stayed negative z

Question 16

Availability Heuristic

Answer 16

Our probability estimates are affected by how easy
It is to think of examples.

Question 17

Dispositional Attribution:

Answer 17

We attribute the behaviour to the personality of
the individual and not the situation.

Question 18

False Consensus Effect

Answer 18

We tend to believe more people share our views
than they actually do.

Question 19

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 19

We have a tendency to overestimate
dispositional attributes and under-estimate situational attributes especially
when judging the behaviour of others. Also assume behaviour of otters is primarily due to dispositional factors

Question 20

Illusory Correlation

Answer 20

When individuals believe that two variables are
related even though there is no evidence for that relationship. This is
particularly relevant to the formation of stereotypes

Question 21

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 21

A speeded categorization task where
participants categorise stimuli into four different categories using two
response keys. Categories are paired so that two categories require one
response key and two categories require the other response key. If the
participant completing the task views two categories requiring the same
response as related, their performance on the IAT will be fast and accurate. If
instead, two related categories require different responses, their
performance on the IAT will be slower with more errors. This test can help to
reveal the presence of unconscious stereotypes.

Question 22

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 22

We tend to judge a sample (a particular
outcome) to be likely to occur if it is similar to the population from which it
was selected, even if it’s not statistically probable.

Question 23

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 23

We tend to view our personal successes as reflecting our
true abilities and failures as flukes of circumstance.

Question 24

Situational Attribution

Answer 24

We attribute the behaviour to the situation and
not the disposition (personality trait) of the individual.

Question 25

Cognitive Heuristics

Answer 25

mental shortcuts
-availabilty hearutistc is based on info available
-representativenss heaurstic is based on represnting prototypes