Forming Impressions - 9 Flashcards
kelley’s covariation theory
predicts how a behaviour is due to an individual’s personal disposition or the situation and circumstances. Three variables are used to determine if a behaviour is dispositional or situational: consensus (different people, same situation), distinctiveness (same person, different situations), consistency (same person, same situation at other times)
consensus
high = many people agree, low = different opinions/way of behaving in same situations
distinctiveness
high = situational (they don’t behave this way in other situations), low = disposition (they do behave this way in similar situations)
consistency
how do they behave this way at other times in the exact same situation
High (they usually behave this way in this situation) = situational or dispositional, low (don’t usually behave this way in this citation)= wider situational (maybe a promotion at work is making them less critical of this situation)
-situational attribution = high conscious, high discitis, high constituency
-dispositional attribution = low consdens, low responsiveness, high consistency
-wider situational = low or high consensus, low or high distinctiveness, low consistency
-we make decisions to act based on three principles:
Degree of choice: the amount of freedom a person had in choosing their onion or behaviour
Expectation: the degree to which an individuals behaviour in a particular social role matches our expectations for that role
Intended consequences: the goals and motivations of a person underlying their behaviour
defying expectations
more informative
actor/observer effect
thinking im late cause of trafic, co worker is late because theyre lazy
-self serving bias → failure = situational, success = dispotional
-availability of flaws:
attractiveness is governed by several key facts
proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness, and others’ opinions of us. You are also more likely to be attracted to people who live close to or work closely with/how often you interact
look into physical vs function distance at 29 min
mere exposure effect
a tendency to perceive previous stimuli as more favourable
-we assume things that are physically attractive are good —> physically attractive people are viewed as kinder and more intelligent
halo effect (thorndike 1920)
tendency to attribute more positive characteristics to indians that make a positive impression → we expect confident and attractive people to be good natured before we’ve even met them
-when opposite to the initial impression, the new impression is strongly influential: hated someone first but likes the now = highly liked now. Loved someone first but hate now = really hate now. Storinger like/dislike for when its opposite compared to if your feelings for them started positive and stayed positive or started negative and stayed negative z
Availability Heuristic
Our probability estimates are affected by how easy
It is to think of examples.
Dispositional Attribution:
We attribute the behaviour to the personality of
the individual and not the situation.
False Consensus Effect
We tend to believe more people share our views
than they actually do.
Fundamental Attribution Error
We have a tendency to overestimate
dispositional attributes and under-estimate situational attributes especially
when judging the behaviour of others. Also assume behaviour of otters is primarily due to dispositional factors
Illusory Correlation
When individuals believe that two variables are
related even though there is no evidence for that relationship. This is
particularly relevant to the formation of stereotypes
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A speeded categorization task where
participants categorise stimuli into four different categories using two
response keys. Categories are paired so that two categories require one
response key and two categories require the other response key. If the
participant completing the task views two categories requiring the same
response as related, their performance on the IAT will be fast and accurate. If
instead, two related categories require different responses, their
performance on the IAT will be slower with more errors. This test can help to
reveal the presence of unconscious stereotypes.
Representativeness Heuristic
We tend to judge a sample (a particular
outcome) to be likely to occur if it is similar to the population from which it
was selected, even if it’s not statistically probable.
Self-Serving Bias
We tend to view our personal successes as reflecting our
true abilities and failures as flukes of circumstance.
Situational Attribution
We attribute the behaviour to the situation and
not the disposition (personality trait) of the individual.
Cognitive Heuristics
mental shortcuts
-availabilty hearutistc is based on info available
-representativenss heaurstic is based on represnting prototypes
