Memory Flashcards
The Entorhinal Cortex
Main interface between the hippocampus and the cortex
Location of the hippocampus
Medial wall of the temporal lobe in both hemispheres, forms the bottom of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Role of the EC-hippocampus System
autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, and in particular spatial memories including memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep
Dentate gyrus
part of hippocampal system involved with the formation of new memories
Location of Perirhinal cortex (PRC)
medial temporal lobe; 35 and 36
Lesions to the Perirhinal cortex (PRC)
visual recognition memory (esp. object recognition ability)
Role of posterior cingulate cortex
episodic memory retrieval
Retrograde memory loss is often _____ and _____
graded (very recent memories are most affected), time-limited
Anterograde amnesia is _____
irreversible
The Ribot Gradient
time gradient in retrograde amnesia (recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories)
Hippocampal/MTL memories are consolidated into the _____ over time, and become ________
neocortex; hippocampal independent
The patient HM had the _____, _____, and ____ surgically removed to cure his epilepsy
hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala
Clive Wearing contracted ____, which attacked his ____
herpesviral encephalitis, hippocampus
Clive Wearing’s memory lasts between __ and ____ seconds
7 and 30
Wearing can still _______ because his _____ was not damaged by the virus
play the piano; procedural memory
MRI scans of Alzheimer’s show severe atrophy in all areas except the _____, which has moderate atrophy
right perirhinal cortex
Memory loss in Alzheimer’s is characterized by difficulty in remembering _____ and the _________
recently learned facts; inability to acquire new information
Other subtle problems symptomatic of the early stages of Alzheimer’s involve _____, ____, and _____
executive functions (of attentiveness, planning, flexibility), abstract thinking, impairments in semantic memory
Korsakoff’s Syndrome is caused by _____, its onset is linked to _____ and/or _____, which is thought to cause damage to the ______ and ____ as well as generalized cerebral atrophy
a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain; chronic alcohol abuse/malnutrition; medial thalamus and hypothalamus
Korsakoff’s syndrome is characterized by _______, during the later stages there is also _______
anterograde amnesia; later– retrograde amnesia
Episodic Memory
Memory for personally experienced events that occurred in a particular place at a specific time
Flashbulb memories
critical autobiographical memories about a major event (where were you when you heard about 9/11?)
Damage to ___, ____, and/or ___ leads to anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Hippocampi, Amygdala, Rhinal Cortex
Anterograde amnesia - lesions to ____
CA1 of the hippocampus
Areas damaged in Korsakoff’s
medial thalamus, hypothalamus
What lobe is affected Alzheimer’s first lesions?
medial temporal lobe
Patients with frontal damage show ______
confabulation
Hemispheric Encoding Retrieval Asymmetry
left frontal lobe is involved with encoding; right frontal lobe is involved with retrieval
Episodic memory encoding: _____ dissociation
anterior-posterior
The Posterior Cingulate (Precuneus) is involved in _______
the successful retrieval of remembered episodes
The Ventral Parietal Cortex (VPC) is involved in ____
episodic memory retrieval tasks, such as old/new recognition memory tasks