Memory Flashcards
The Entorhinal Cortex
Main interface between the hippocampus and the cortex
Location of the hippocampus
Medial wall of the temporal lobe in both hemispheres, forms the bottom of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Role of the EC-hippocampus System
autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, and in particular spatial memories including memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep
Dentate gyrus
part of hippocampal system involved with the formation of new memories
Location of Perirhinal cortex (PRC)
medial temporal lobe; 35 and 36
Lesions to the Perirhinal cortex (PRC)
visual recognition memory (esp. object recognition ability)
Role of posterior cingulate cortex
episodic memory retrieval
Retrograde memory loss is often _____ and _____
graded (very recent memories are most affected), time-limited
Anterograde amnesia is _____
irreversible
The Ribot Gradient
time gradient in retrograde amnesia (recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories)
Hippocampal/MTL memories are consolidated into the _____ over time, and become ________
neocortex; hippocampal independent
The patient HM had the _____, _____, and ____ surgically removed to cure his epilepsy
hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala
Clive Wearing contracted ____, which attacked his ____
herpesviral encephalitis, hippocampus
Clive Wearing’s memory lasts between __ and ____ seconds
7 and 30
Wearing can still _______ because his _____ was not damaged by the virus
play the piano; procedural memory
MRI scans of Alzheimer’s show severe atrophy in all areas except the _____, which has moderate atrophy
right perirhinal cortex
Memory loss in Alzheimer’s is characterized by difficulty in remembering _____ and the _________
recently learned facts; inability to acquire new information
Other subtle problems symptomatic of the early stages of Alzheimer’s involve _____, ____, and _____
executive functions (of attentiveness, planning, flexibility), abstract thinking, impairments in semantic memory
Korsakoff’s Syndrome is caused by _____, its onset is linked to _____ and/or _____, which is thought to cause damage to the ______ and ____ as well as generalized cerebral atrophy
a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain; chronic alcohol abuse/malnutrition; medial thalamus and hypothalamus
Korsakoff’s syndrome is characterized by _______, during the later stages there is also _______
anterograde amnesia; later– retrograde amnesia
Episodic Memory
Memory for personally experienced events that occurred in a particular place at a specific time
Flashbulb memories
critical autobiographical memories about a major event (where were you when you heard about 9/11?)
Damage to ___, ____, and/or ___ leads to anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Hippocampi, Amygdala, Rhinal Cortex
Anterograde amnesia - lesions to ____
CA1 of the hippocampus
Areas damaged in Korsakoff’s
medial thalamus, hypothalamus
What lobe is affected Alzheimer’s first lesions?
medial temporal lobe
Patients with frontal damage show ______
confabulation
Hemispheric Encoding Retrieval Asymmetry
left frontal lobe is involved with encoding; right frontal lobe is involved with retrieval
Episodic memory encoding: _____ dissociation
anterior-posterior
The Posterior Cingulate (Precuneus) is involved in _______
the successful retrieval of remembered episodes
The Ventral Parietal Cortex (VPC) is involved in ____
episodic memory retrieval tasks, such as old/new recognition memory tasks
left lateral inferior parietal cortex plays a role in
episodic memory
Frontal areas control _______
encoding and retrieval of memories and executive functioning
What area stores components of memories?
posterior association areas
What regions temporarily bind different components of memory?
Medial temporal regions
Damage to the ____ lobe causes modality-specific visual agnosia
left temporal
Semantic dementia
graded deterioration of knowledge that results in the failure to name objects, concepts and people
Semantic judgments to words and pictures activates ___, ___, ___-
inferior frontal and temporal lobes, and temporal pole
The _____ activates to name animals and tools, whereas the _____ activates to name people
left inferior temporal lobe; temporal pole
Activations can reflect object’s interaction with the world, for example tool naming can activate _____
motor regions
Working memory is the ability to ____
maintain and manipulate information over short periods of time necessary to guide behavior
By definition, working memory has two temporal limits, one ________, and the other _____
in the recent past (the information to be retained), and the other in the proximate future (the consequent action)
Working memory model:: The central executive system acts as a supervisory system that controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems, the ____, _____, and ______ (a recent addition)
the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer
Auditory-verbal deficits in working memory involve lesions to _____
left inferior parietal lobe
Visual-spatial deficits in working memory involve lesion to ____
right inferior parietal lobe
Damages to the ____ lobe and ___ cortex impair working memory
inferior parietal lobe; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Damages to frontal areas results in difficulties manipulating information in working memory during tasks such as ____ and ____
card-sorting; selection-without-repetition
The N-back test is a test of
working memory- ability to hold information “online” for the current task
Working Memory Network
Frontal parietal Network
The right parietal, inferior frontal, and premotor cortex are activated during ______
spatial maintenance for working memory
The _______ is activated during the N-back task (when manipulation is required), for both verbal and spatial material
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The ventrolateral frontal cortex is involved in _________ information online
maintaining
This ____ cortex is involved with maintaining information on-line in working memory
Ventrolateral frontal cortex
The dorsolateral frontal cortex is involved in ________ information on-line for working memory
manipulating
This ____ cortex is involved in manipulating information on-line for working memory
dorsolateral frontal cortex
Modality specific, passive stores are in the ________
posterior parietal/temporal cortex
Common executive processes occur in the ____
frontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is especially important in working memory, but also to ____
correcting performance
The posterior parietal/temporal cortex is involved with ____
modality-specific and passive stores
The hippocampus and amygdala are independent memory systems, but they act in concert when _____
emotion meets memory
The striatum is involved with _____
procedural learning and reward learning
The dorsal prefrontal cortex is involved with
WMMP- working memory, meta-memory, memory strategies, prospective memory
The ventral prefrontal cortex is involved with ____
SEA-C (semantic memory, extinction learning, autobiographical retrieval, conceptual priming)
Working memory, meta-memory, memory strategies and prospective memory—area
dorsal prefrontal cortex
Semantic memory, extinction learning, conceptual priming, autobiographical retrieval — area
Ventral prefrontal cortex
The MTL memory system is involved with ____
DMCC - Declarative memory, memory consolidation, contextual fear memory, complex conditioning
The MTL memory system is made up of
the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex
The HPA axis is involved with ___
neurohormonal memory modulation
The Cerebellum is involved with _____
Reflexive conditioning and motor learning
The sensory neocortex is involved with
MCP- memory storage, conceptual priming, perceptual priming
Emotion tends to ____ memory
enhance
Successful retrieval of emotional pictures elicits greater activity than neutral pictures in the ____, _____, and the _____
amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus
In the study of flashbulb memory, the Downtown group remembered their 9/11 experiences more ____ and ______ and gave _____ and ____ descriptions as compared to the Midtown group. The Downtown also showed much greater activity in the ______, but decreased activity in the _______.
vividly, confidently; longer, more detailed; left amygdala, parahippocampal cortex
Patients with _____ lesions sometimes cannot remember new events
hippocampal
Episodic memory involves the
medial temporal & frontal lobes
Semantic memory involves
lateral temporal frontal lobes
working memory involves the
frontal-parietal network
procedural memory is associated with the
basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the motor cortex
conditioning is associated with
cerebellum, amygdala, and the MTL (?)
