Intelligence Flashcards
“Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change” -
Stephen Hawking
IQ=
Mental age/ calendar age x 100
“A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve, problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning…it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings- “catching on,” “making sense” of things or figuring out what to do” –
In Mainstream Science on Intelligence (1994) - an editorial statement by 52 researchers
Alan Turing wrote the first paper on ______, is considered the father of ____, and saved 14 to 21 million lives by ______
Alan Turing wrote the first paper on how to create a computer (1936), is considered the father of AI (1950), and saved 14 to 21 million lives by inventing the German Enigma Machine.
Edward Jenner invented…
the smallpox vaccine by observing that milkmaids who had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox
Highest IQs on record–
Newton (190), Einstein (160), Darwin (153), Physicist and Engineer Kim Ung-yong (210), Bouncer Michael Langan (195), Stephen Hawking (160)
Savanna Principle - Theory developed by _____ that
Kanazawa - human brain became intelligent through evolution - movement across Africa created many problems that needed high intelligence- those who could solve them, survived
IQ ranking system on bell-shaped curve
Average (90-109), 110-119 (Superior Intelligence), 120-129 (Very Superior Intelligence), 130-139 (Gifted), 140+ (Genius or near genius)
68% of people fall between __ and __ on the IQ bell curve
85-115
On the IQ bell curve, about 14% of people fall between __ and ___, another 14% fall between __ and ___
Between 70 and 85, between 115-130
On the IQ bell curve, 2% fall between ____ and ____, another 2% fall between ___ and ____
55 and 70, 130-145
On the IQ bell curve, college graduates tend to be ____ above the average person. Graduates of elite universities tend to be ____ above average
one standard deviation, more than two standard deviations
The Flynn effect is the name given to the
long sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world
Ulric Neisser estimates that using the IQ values of today, the average IQ in 1932 was ___
80
What are some reasons given for the flynn effect?
rise in preschool, more testing, better nutrition and educated parenting
The central argument of the Bell Curve is intelligence highly genetic and a better predictor of many personal dynamics, including financial income, job performance, unwanted pregnancy, and involvement in crime than parental socioeconomic status and education level
1994 Book
People with low IQs are more likely to
get married by age 30, get divorced within 5 years, live in poverty, be incarcerated, drop out of high school
Charles Spearman
general and fluid factor
Louis Thurstone
intelligence as a person’s pattern of mental abilities, 7 primary mental abilities
Howard Gardner
multiple intelligences (8 separate kinds of intelligence)
Sternberg
Triarchic Theory
Charles Spearman theorizes that a _____ underlies other, specific aspects of intelligence. He noticed how people who did well on one test tended to do similarly well on others
general intelligence (g)
Who coined the term g factor
Charles Spearman
Charles Spearman divided intelligence into ___ and _____
crystallized and fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence refers to __
learning from past experiences
Test that involve reading comprehension and vocabulary exams require___
crystallized intelligence
This type of intelligence is based on facts and is rooted in experience
crystallized intelligence
This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence
the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems
This intelligence is considered independent of learning, experience, and education
fluid intelligence
This type of intelligence is used in coming up with problem solving strategies
Fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence peaks during _____ and begins to decline progressively beginning around age _____
adolesence, 30 or 40
Who said that intelligence is a cluster of abilities?
Louis L. Thurstone
Who believed that there were 7 different primary mental abilities that are independent from each other
Louis L. Thurstone
Who claimed that the g factor was just an average overall score of independent from each other?
Louis L. Thurstone
Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning compose
Thurstone’s 7 Primary Mental Abilities
Musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic are
the 8 multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory is composed of
3 mental abilities (not intellgences)
The three mental abilities of Sternberg’s Triarchic Thoery are:
- Analytic Intelligence (mental processes used in learning how to solve problems)
- Creative Intelligence (ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge)
- Practical Intelligence (ability to adapt to the environment- street smarts)
Intelligence tests give a characteristic pattern of activity in the __ ___, __ ___, and ____ ____.
posterolateral frontal, dorsomedial frontal, and midparietal cortex
In Lee et all, regional activations of the superior-g group were significant stronger than those of the control group, especially in the the ___ ___ __
posterior parietal cortex
In Lee et al, regression analysis revealed that activity of the ____ and ___ cortices strongly covaried with individual differences in g
superior and intraparietal
The results of Lee et al suggest that the superior g may be due to the functional faciliation of the _____ network particularly driven by ___ ____ activation
fronto-parietal, posterior parietal activation
Thomas Harvey
removed Einstein’s brain and sliced it up more than 200 cubes and slivers to preserve them
Research on Einstein’s parietal lobes - which are implicated in ___, ___, and ___ cognition - were ___ wider than normal
mathematical, visual, and spatial cognition - 15% wider than normal
Falk identified a rare pattern of grooves in the ___ regions of Einstein’s brain, that she speculates might be related to Einstein’s superior ability to _____
parietal, conceptualize physics problems
Einstein’s talent as ___ ___ may have arisen from the unusual anatomy of his brain. He was often able to think in images
synthetic thinker
In Einstein’s brain, the ____ and ____ were merged
language and math/spatial areas
IQ tests do a good job of measuring
abstract thinking, problem solving, ability to acquire knowledge
IQ tests do not measure
creativity, achievement motivation, goal-oriented behavior, or the ability to adapt to one’s environment
Correlates with IQ
Height, atheism, liberal, humor, homosexuality
Galton’s definition of eugenics
“the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage”
Dunning-Kruger effect
A cognitive bias in which unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority
Kruger and Dunning proposed that for a given skill, incompetent people will:
- Tend to overestimate their own level of skill
- Fail to recognize genuine skill in others
- Fail to recognize the extremity of their inadequacy
Imposter syndrome
A psychological phenomenon in which people are unable to internalize their accomplishments
Jason Padgett
mathematical genius with acquired savant syndrome
Derek Amato
musical composer with acquired savant syndrome
