Death

Question 0

The neurological standard for death is a “permanent cessation of the critical functions of the organism as a whole… respiration and circulation, neuroendocrime, and homeostatic regulation, and consciousness” … the “irreversible cessation of the organism as a whole”

Answer 0

.

Question 1

Physicalism fits with the neurobiological view that the mind…

Answer 1

is the experience of what the brain does

Question 2

Core components of near-death experiences

Answer 2

bright light and tunnel, seeing dead people/ghosts, a feeling that one is dead, out of body experience, positive emotions

Question 3

David Hume, of the philosophical tradition of _____, was among the first to question ____

Answer 3

skepticism; miracles associated with “coming back from death”

Question 4

Nelson and colleagues suggested that the light at the end of the tunnel can be explained by visual activity during ______, which occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the eye is depleted.

Answer 4

retinal ischemia

Question 5

Phosphene

Answer 5

Seeing light without light entering the eye

Question 6

Low blood pressure, fainting, or high magnetic fields can all cause ___

Answer 6

phosphene

Question 7

Sufferers of ____ and ____ can have an increased propensity to have a near-death experience.

Answer 7

Migraines; epilepsy

Question 8

Glaucoma can result in a loss of peripheral vision leading to ____

Answer 8

tunnel vision

Question 9

Tunnel vision is associated with ____ and ____, two processes common to dying

Answer 9

fear and hypoxia

Question 10

Blackmore points out that the visual cortex is organized by cells that process peripheral and fovea (i.e. central) vision and excitation of these cells may result in ….

Answer 10

a central bright light and dark periphery, that is, a tunnel effect

Question 11

Stimulation of the _____ can cause out-of-body experiences (Blanke)

Answer 11

right angular gyrus

Question 12

It has been suggested that out-of-body experiences result from a failure to _____ from one’s body which results in the disruption of the phenomenological elements of self-representation

Answer 12

integrate multisensory information

Question 13

Cotard syndrome

Answer 13

feeling dead

Question 14

Anatomically, Cotard syndrome has been associated with the ________ and the _____ and has been described following trauma, during advanced stages of typhoid, migraines, schizophrenia, and MS.

Answer 14

parietal cortex; prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Patients with ____ and ____ can have vivid hallucinations of ghosts or monsters

Answer 15

Alzheimer’s; Parkinson’s

Question 16

Vivid hallucinations can be associated with grey matter decreases in the ____

Answer 16

parietal lobe

Question 17

Charles-Bonnet syndrome results from _______, causes visual hallucinations

Answer 17

macular degeneration

Question 18

Imaging studies conducted on Charles-Bonnet patients reveal increased activity in the ______ in the absence of visual stimulation

Answer 18

perceptual areas of the brain- visual and extrastriate cortices

Question 19

The content of hallucination was associated with _______ of the brain region

Answer 19

functional specialization

Question 20

One theory is that hallucination occurs during the ______ in brain structures nearby the damaged area

Answer 20

compensatory over-activation

Question 21

Stimulation of the _____ gave the patient a sensation of a shadowy person lurking behind

Answer 21

left angular gyrus

Question 22

Blanke and colleagues showed that during electrical stimulation a patient felt the sensation that somebody was behind her who could not speak or move. A similar experience can occur during

Answer 22

sleep paralysis

Question 23

At varying doses, the administration of ____ can mimic the euphoria, dissociation, hallucinations and spirituality of out-of-body and near-death experiences

Answer 23

ketamine

Question 24

Ketamine is sometimes used as an anesthetic through its binding with ____ and hallucination may occur through inhibiting NMDA receptors, the same receptors that are evoked during the administration of recreational drugs like amphetamine

Answer 24

opioid receptors

Question 25

Reward processes may occur naturally and similar systems are evoked when animals are under extreme danger. For example, ______ and ___ systems become active when an animal is under predatory attack

Answer 25

dopamine, opioid