Development Flashcards
What is Lenneberg famous for?
Critical Period Hypothesis (5 to puberty)
Genes: The forkhead box protein P2: mutations of FOXP2 cause a severe ____
speech and language syndrome
We come into the world with a brain that allows us to organize information acquired through our experiences. This creates a gradual ____ of ___ ___.
Gradual localization of cognitive processes
Nature gives us the hardware and ________ gives us the ______
environment gives us the software
At the time of fertilization, the baby is called a _____, at the 1st week, a ____ (during which ___ ____ occurs), at the 2nd week, a ______, during which the ____ _____and ___ ____ ____.
At the time of fertilization, the baby is called a zygote, at the 1st week, a blastocyst, during which cell division occurs, at the 2nd week, a gastula, during which the germ layers and germ cells form.
The three germs layers formed during gastrulation are the, ______, the ____, and the _____.
ectoderm (outlayer), mesoderm (middle layer), and the endoderm (the internal layer)
Germ layers: the ectoderm the ____, ____, ____, and ____ are formed
Skin, CNS, neurons, and facial tissue/bones are formed
Germ layer: Mesoderm: the ____ and _____ are formed, as well as testes/ovaries, kidneys, muscle, bone, connective tissue
heart and blood (circulatory system)
Germ layer: Endoderm- _____ _____ are formed including ___, ____, and ____, as well as the lungs and thyroid
digestive organs are formed, including the stomach, liver, pancreas, and intestines
The neural plate emerges at the end of the ____ week, this is referred to as _____
second week, neuralation
Rate of neuron growth during development of a fetus is ______ per minute
250,000
Myelination
formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber
synaptogenesis
the elaboration or formation of synapses during development
synaptic pruning
reduction of synapses, leaving more efficient synaptic configurations
gyrification
refers to both the process and the extent of the folding of the cerebral cortex as s consequence of brain growth during embryonic and early postnatal development
Cell proliferation and migration occurs ___ to ___ months before birth
2 and 8
The peak of myelination in the sensorimotor cortex occurs at ________
2 months old
The peak of myelination in the parietal and temporal association cortices occurs at around ____
8 months of age
Myelination in the prefrontal cortex peaks at around ____
2 years of age
Brain weight peaks at about (1.3 kg) at the age of ___
20 years
The volume of parietal gray matter peaks at around ____
10-12 (later for males)
The volume of frontal gray matter peaks at around __
11-12 years (later for males)
The the volume of temporal gray matter peaks at around ___
17
The volume of white matter peaks at ____
Doesn’t peak - continues to grow
Piaget’s theory of development is based on the idea that the developing child builds ____ ____ aka ___ to understand and respond the physical environment
cognitive structures, schemes
Child’s cognitive structures ___ with development
increase
According to Piaget, developmental stages are ____ and ____
invariant (there is no skipping stages) and universal (culture does not impact stages)
What are the four stages in Piaget’s theory of development (and what ages do they occur)?
- Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years old)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)
- Concrete operational (7-11 years old)
- Formal operational stage (11-15 years old)
What are the six stages of the sensorimotor stage?
- Reflexes
- Focus on self (1-4 mo.s)
- Focus on outside world (4-8 mo.s)
- Goal oriented behavior (8-12 mo.s)
- Explore object’s potential (12-18 mo.s)
- Mental combinations, representations (18 mo.s-24 mo.s)
According to Piaget, object permanence develops at the end of the _______
sensorimotor stage (18-24 months)
During the preoperational stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the use of ______, language use matures, memory and imagination are developed and thinking is done in a non-logically reversible manner, _____ thinking predominates.
During the preoperational stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, language use matures, memory and imagination are developed and thinking is done in a non-logically reversible manner, and ego-centric thinking predominates.
During the _____, children can mentally carry out actions, and intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. They are able to pass the conservation task. Egocentric thought diminishes.
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
During this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract objects. Children formulate hypotheses about logical relations. Not everybody makes it to this stage.
Formal operational stage (11-15 yrs)
Onset age for impulse control disorders
5-14
Onset age for anxiety disorders
5-20
Onset age for substance abuse disorders
13-25
Onset age for mood disorders
14-37
Schizophrenia onset age
12-23
Which mood disorders have the earliest onset?
impulse control disorders and anxiety disorders
