Body Ownership Flashcards
Researcher found that each finger (D1-D5) was represented within three subregions of S1 in the _______ ( _ )
postcentral gyrus (BA 1, 2, 3)
Where are body parts stored in our brains?
Human primary Somatosensory cortex
The somatosensory cortex is also known as the
postcentral gyrus
Somatoparaphrenia
Delusion where one denies ownership of a limb
Somatoparaphrenia has been reported in _________ with ____ and ___ deficits
right-brain-damaged patients, with motor and somatosensory deficits
Somatoparaphrenia may occur without associated _____ or _____
anosognosia or personal neglect
Asomatognosia
patients feel that parts of their body are missing or disappeared
Asomatognosia shows that
visual input is critical to sense of ownership
Two small lesions to the _____ and _____ can be responsible for asomatognosia
right premotor cortex and motor cortex
Amputees with phantom limbs may have ____ to relieve pain
mirror therapy
____, ____, and _____ are all correlated leading us to feel ownership over our limbs
Touch, vision, and movement
Superadditivity
Where the whole is more than the sum of the parts
Multisensory neurons include ____ (in ___), Area ___, ____ (in _____) and the ______ (____).
VIP (sulcus), Area 7b, F4 (Ventral premotor area), and the putamen (subcortical)
Human _____ and ____ cortices perform multisensory integration
premotor; intraparietal
**The somatosensory cortex is involved in _______
The representation of body parts
**The motor cortex is involved in _______
multisensory processing the of the body (touch, vision)
Perceptual rules of Rubber hand illusion: the brush strokes must be synchronous (______), and in the right direction (_____). The rubber hand must be anatomically aligned (____), the rubber hand must be placed within reaching distance (30 cm from the real hand),
Temporal congruency principle; spatial congruency principle, spatial congruency principle
In the rubber hand illusion, activity in the _____ and _____ (multisensory areas) reflects the feeling of ownership
premotor cortex, intraparietal cortex
During the rubber hand illusion, threat-evoked response increases as feeling of ownership increases. This is reflected by increased activity in the _______
L. insula
Multisensory integration in the ____ reflects limb ownership
premotor cortex
A 64 year old woman has a ghost arm, which she claims to ____. She uses it to
see and feel; touch objects and scratch her head
When the woman imagined scratching her cheek her ghost arm, there was activity found in the _____, which are known to be involved in arm movements, and in the ______, which is involved with feelings of touch
premotor areas and somatosensory area
A preliminary model of illusory limb ownership: begins with the processing of visual and tactile signals in early sensory areas, integration of visual and tactile signals in the _____, recalibration of position sense in the ____, and dynamic integration of temporally and spatially congruent multisensory signals in the ____ produce ownership. There are changes in other brain systems, such as the emotional system, too.
parietal cortex, motor regions, premotor cortex (PMv)
Pathological conditions affecting the ___ and ___ lobes can sometimes fail to recognize their limbs as belonging to themselves
frontal and parietal
In the body illusion study, when the researchers threatened the mannequin they measured the _______ as an objective measure of ____. They found a direct relationship between the degree of _____ and the strength of the _____
skin conductance response (SCR), anxiety; anxiety, illusory body ownership
In the body illusion experiment, the key result was that
There was significantly greater skin conductance response (SCR) when the participant’s virtual body was threatened with the knife in the synchronous condition than in the control conditions (with a spoon or with a knife after asynchronous stimulation)
**In a body swap study, Petkova et al (2011) found experience of full-body ownership reflected in the _____, and ______
bilateral ventral premotor cortex and left intraparietal cortex
In Petkova et. al (2011), there was a ____ correlation between illusion strength and activity in multisensory areas
positive
Body-part-centered multisensory information integration occurs in the ____ and ____
bilateral ventral premotor cortex and left intraparietal cortex
In the barbie doll illusion, the altered perception of space assessed by having subjects estimate _______ and then _____. The illusion of having a small body caused a ______ of both ___ and ____
the size of different blocks, walk over to the blocks with their eyes shut; overestimation, size, distance
Happiness is associated with longer life and increased self-worth (turn down unfair financial offers)
-
Correlates with happiness
Education, marriage, IQ
The highest proportion of people saying they are very happy fall in an IQ range of ___
120-129
Kahneman and coworkers showed that people with above-average income are relatively satisfied with their lives but are ______. They also tend to be more tense, and do not spend time doing particularly enjoyable activities. Moreover, the effect of income on life satisfaction seems to be transient
barely happier than other in moment-to-moment experience
Kahneman et al argue that people exaggerate the contribution of income to happiness because they focus, in part, on ______
conventional achievements when evaluating their life or the lives of otehrs
Dunn and coworkers (2008) concluded that spending money on _____ predicted greater happiness
other people
Speaking about ourselves is rewarding (Tamir & Mitchell 2012)
There may be some intrinsic value in self-disclosure, it may increase social bonds and alliances
Optimism bias
The belief that the self is less at risk of experiencing a negative event compared to others
People have a tendency to think positively about ____
future events
In health, the optimism bias….
tends to prevent individuals from taking preventative measures for good health
Imagination and optimism bias corresponds to activity in the
rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala
Gilbert and Wilson coined the term ______ to encompass a number of biases and mechanisms that protect people from experiencing extreme negative emotions
psychological immune system
The psychological immune system is one reason why people are so poor at ____
affective forecasting - we typically underestimate the extent to which these processes will shield us from a negative event
They psychological immune system follow this pattern:
people think it’s going to feel bad, but generally it’s not as bad as they expect, and people recover quicker than they predict
Focalism - the focusing effect
The tendency to neglect the influence of other factors in minimizing the event’s impact (e.g. when asked who is happier Californians vs. Midwesterners, people tend to focus on the sunny weather and easy going vibe of California, while neglecting other factors)
Impact Bias
The tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states
Impact bias and focalism are both mechanisms of the ___
psychological immune system
Impact bias for memories
Wilson et. al showed that people overestimate the impact of past events on their happiness (they found that Bush supporters overestimated how happy they had been when Bush won the election)
Viewing pictures of our lovers results in activity in _____
reward areas (dopamine production centers)
Ejaculation is associated with activity in the
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
For women: the cuter the baby, the more activity in _____. This may promote ______, regardless of ____
reward areas; human caregiving, kinship
Laughter is a signal of ___ and ____
trust and cooperation
Laughter is a natural stress antagonist that possibly enhances the ___, ___, and ___ systems
cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine
