Body Ownership

Question 0

Researcher found that each finger (D1-D5) was represented within three subregions of S1 in the _______ ( _ )

Answer 0

postcentral gyrus (BA 1, 2, 3)

Question 1

Where are body parts stored in our brains?

Answer 1

Human primary Somatosensory cortex

Question 2

The somatosensory cortex is also known as the

Answer 2

postcentral gyrus

Question 3

Somatoparaphrenia

Answer 3

Delusion where one denies ownership of a limb

Question 4

Somatoparaphrenia has been reported in _________ with ____ and ___ deficits

Answer 4

right-brain-damaged patients, with motor and somatosensory deficits

Question 5

Somatoparaphrenia may occur without associated _____ or _____

Answer 5

anosognosia or personal neglect

Question 6

Asomatognosia

Answer 6

patients feel that parts of their body are missing or disappeared

Question 7

Asomatognosia shows that

Answer 7

visual input is critical to sense of ownership

Question 8

Two small lesions to the _____ and _____ can be responsible for asomatognosia

Answer 8

right premotor cortex and motor cortex

Question 9

Amputees with phantom limbs may have ____ to relieve pain

Answer 9

mirror therapy

Question 10

____, ____, and _____ are all correlated leading us to feel ownership over our limbs

Answer 10

Touch, vision, and movement

Question 11

Superadditivity

Answer 11

Where the whole is more than the sum of the parts

Question 12

Multisensory neurons include ____ (in ___), Area ___, ____ (in _____) and the ______ (____).

Answer 12

VIP (sulcus), Area 7b, F4 (Ventral premotor area), and the putamen (subcortical)

Question 13

Human _____ and ____ cortices perform multisensory integration

Answer 13

premotor; intraparietal

Question 14

**The somatosensory cortex is involved in _______

Answer 14

The representation of body parts

Question 15

**The motor cortex is involved in _______

Answer 15

multisensory processing the of the body (touch, vision)

Question 16

Perceptual rules of Rubber hand illusion: the brush strokes must be synchronous (______), and in the right direction (_____). The rubber hand must be anatomically aligned (____), the rubber hand must be placed within reaching distance (30 cm from the real hand),

Answer 16

Temporal congruency principle; spatial congruency principle, spatial congruency principle

Question 17

In the rubber hand illusion, activity in the _____ and _____ (multisensory areas) reflects the feeling of ownership

Answer 17

premotor cortex, intraparietal cortex

Question 18

During the rubber hand illusion, threat-evoked response increases as feeling of ownership increases. This is reflected by increased activity in the _______

Answer 18

L. insula

Question 19

Multisensory integration in the ____ reflects limb ownership

Answer 19

premotor cortex

Question 20

A 64 year old woman has a ghost arm, which she claims to ____. She uses it to

Answer 20

see and feel; touch objects and scratch her head

Question 21

When the woman imagined scratching her cheek her ghost arm, there was activity found in the _____, which are known to be involved in arm movements, and in the ______, which is involved with feelings of touch

Answer 21

premotor areas and somatosensory area

Question 22

A preliminary model of illusory limb ownership: begins with the processing of visual and tactile signals in early sensory areas, integration of visual and tactile signals in the _____, recalibration of position sense in the ____, and dynamic integration of temporally and spatially congruent multisensory signals in the ____ produce ownership. There are changes in other brain systems, such as the emotional system, too.

Answer 22

parietal cortex, motor regions, premotor cortex (PMv)

Question 23

Pathological conditions affecting the ___ and ___ lobes can sometimes fail to recognize their limbs as belonging to themselves

Answer 23

frontal and parietal

Question 24

In the body illusion study, when the researchers threatened the mannequin they measured the _______ as an objective measure of ____. They found a direct relationship between the degree of _____ and the strength of the _____

Answer 24

skin conductance response (SCR), anxiety; anxiety, illusory body ownership

Question 25

In the body illusion experiment, the key result was that

Answer 25

There was significantly greater skin conductance response (SCR) when the participant's virtual body was threatened with the knife in the synchronous condition than in the control conditions (with a spoon or with a knife after asynchronous stimulation)

Question 26

**In a body swap study, Petkova et al (2011) found experience of full-body ownership reflected in the _____, and ______

Answer 26

bilateral ventral premotor cortex and left intraparietal cortex

Question 27

In Petkova et. al (2011), there was a ____ correlation between illusion strength and activity in multisensory areas

Answer 27

positive

Question 28

Body-part-centered multisensory information integration occurs in the ____ and ____

Answer 28

bilateral ventral premotor cortex and left intraparietal cortex

Question 29

In the barbie doll illusion, the altered perception of space assessed by having subjects estimate _______ and then _____. The illusion of having a small body caused a ______ of both ___ and ____

Answer 29

the size of different blocks, walk over to the blocks with their eyes shut; overestimation, size, distance

Question 30

Happiness is associated with longer life and increased self-worth (turn down unfair financial offers)

Answer 30

-

Question 31

Correlates with happiness

Answer 31

Education, marriage, IQ

Question 32

The highest proportion of people saying they are very happy fall in an IQ range of ___

Answer 32

120-129

Question 33

Kahneman and coworkers showed that people with above-average income are relatively satisfied with their lives but are ______. They also tend to be more tense, and do not spend time doing particularly enjoyable activities. Moreover, the effect of income on life satisfaction seems to be transient

Answer 33

barely happier than other in moment-to-moment experience

Question 34

Kahneman et al argue that people exaggerate the contribution of income to happiness because they focus, in part, on ______

Answer 34

conventional achievements when evaluating their life or the lives of otehrs

Question 35

Dunn and coworkers (2008) concluded that spending money on _____ predicted greater happiness

Answer 35

other people

Question 36

Speaking about ourselves is rewarding (Tamir & Mitchell 2012)

Answer 36

There may be some intrinsic value in self-disclosure, it may increase social bonds and alliances

Question 37

Optimism bias

Answer 37

The belief that the self is less at risk of experiencing a negative event compared to others

Question 38

People have a tendency to think positively about ____

Answer 38

future events

Question 39

In health, the optimism bias....

Answer 39

tends to prevent individuals from taking preventative measures for good health

Question 40

Imagination and optimism bias corresponds to activity in the

Answer 40

rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala

Question 41

Gilbert and Wilson coined the term ______ to encompass a number of biases and mechanisms that protect people from experiencing extreme negative emotions

Answer 41

psychological immune system

Question 42

The psychological immune system is one reason why people are so poor at ____

Answer 42

affective forecasting - we typically underestimate the extent to which these processes will shield us from a negative event

Question 43

They psychological immune system follow this pattern:

Answer 43

people think it's going to feel bad, but generally it's not as bad as they expect, and people recover quicker than they predict

Question 44

Focalism - the focusing effect

Answer 44

The tendency to neglect the influence of other factors in minimizing the event's impact (e.g. when asked who is happier Californians vs. Midwesterners, people tend to focus on the sunny weather and easy going vibe of California, while neglecting other factors)

Question 45

Impact Bias

Answer 45

The tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states

Question 46

Impact bias and focalism are both mechanisms of the ___

Answer 46

psychological immune system

Question 47

Impact bias for memories

Answer 47

Wilson et. al showed that people overestimate the impact of past events on their happiness (they found that Bush supporters overestimated how happy they had been when Bush won the election)

Question 48

Viewing pictures of our lovers results in activity in _____

Answer 48

reward areas (dopamine production centers)

Question 49

Ejaculation is associated with activity in the

Answer 49

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 50

For women: the cuter the baby, the more activity in _____. This may promote ______, regardless of ____

Answer 50

reward areas; human caregiving, kinship

Question 51

Laughter is a signal of ___ and ____

Answer 51

trust and cooperation

Question 52

Laughter is a natural stress antagonist that possibly enhances the ___, ___, and ___ systems

Answer 52

cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine