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memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is capacity

A

amount of info that can be stored in the various memory stores

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2
Q

describe a study done on capacity

A

jacobs (1987) created the digit span technique where he called digits out adding another digit onto the sequence until pps no longer could recall

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3
Q

findings of Jacobs (1987) study

A

an average of 7 digits could be recalled tells us our STM is limited - backs up millers study of an immediate memory span of 7 + - 2

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4
Q

what is chunking

A

grouping sets of digits/letters into chunks

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5
Q

disadvantages of research on capacity

A

other researchers have found it is more likely to be 5 chunks rather than millers for. there are also individual differences like age that will have an impact

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6
Q

what is duration

A

length of time info can be held in memory

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7
Q

what was the outcome of Peterson and Petersons research on duration

A

recall of students got progressively worse as delay grew longer

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8
Q

disadvantage of research of duration (evaluation)

A

in Peterson and person study its hard to generalise as it does not reflect most real life memory activities so easier to forget

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9
Q

what is coding

A

refers to the way info is changed so it can be stored in memory. info enters brain through senses and is stored in various forms

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10
Q

describe baddeleys research on coding

A

he gave lists of words to four groups of pps groups 1 and 2 where acoustically (di)similar and groups 3 and 4 where semantically (di)similar

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11
Q

describe baddeleys findings

A

pps who had to recall immediately did worse with acoustically similar words but after 20 mins they did worse recalling semantically similar words therefor info is encoded semantically into LTM

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12
Q

disadvantage of research on coding (evaluation)

A

baddeley may not of tested LTM as it was only 20 mins swell his study was quite artificial and hard to generalise

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13
Q

who created the MSM

A

Atkinson and shiffrin

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14
Q

what are the key features on the MSM

A

sensory register, STM and LTM

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15
Q

describe the sensory register

A

part of memory that receives and stores info from environment through senses

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16
Q

what is iconic memory

A

visual info

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17
Q

what is echoic memory

A

auditory info

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18
Q

what is haptic memory

A

memory of things you’ve touched

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19
Q

describe features of the STM

A

material that is transferred from sensory store
lasts for 18 secs in STM
maintenance rehearsal will pass info into LTM

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20
Q

describe the LTM

A

info held for long period of time
where all our knowledge is
potentially permanent store for info

when we want to recall from LTM it has to go back to STM in process called retrieval

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21
Q

what is primary data

A

data gained directly from the researcher

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22
Q

what is secondary data

A

data that has already been found but is reused

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23
Q

weaknesses of case studies

A

hard to generalise to the population
can be unreliable due to memory changing over time
issue for WMM as most of its research that supports it comes from WMM

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24
Q

what are the strengths of using case studies

A

produces lots of detail on individual behaviour
not always ethical to redo conditions from study
allows us to research rare conditions

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25
strengths of MSM (evaluation)
controlled lab studies on capacity, duration and coding support the existence of a separate short and long term store
26
what are the 3 different types of LTM
episodic semantic procedural
27
what is episodic memory
ability to recall events from our lives memory concerned with personal details
28
what is semantic memory
contains our knowledge of the world facts and figures
29
what is procedural memory
memory for our actions and how we carry out the skills we recall these memories unconsciously
30
what evidence is there on LTM
brain scans show 3 types of memory found in different parts of the brain. episodic memory in the hippocampus semantic found in temporal lobe and procedural in the cerrelibium
31
strengths of MSM
study of KF shown different areas of the brain where involved in STM and LTM supporting the MSM
32
disadvantages of MSM
MSM suggests STM is involved before LTM suggesting STM is actually apart of the LTM and not a separate store
33
what are the problems with evidence from patients with brain damage
can't reach a firm conclusion as its hard to reach certain parts of the brain until the person has died
34
what is a single disassociation
ability to form new semantic memories but not episodic
35
what is a double disassociation
poor semantic memories but generally episodic memories
36
what is priming
exposure to one stimulus may influence a response unconsciously (fav fruit banana then fav colour yellow)
37
who founded the WMM
baddeley and hitch
38
what is the function of the WMM
explanation of how one aspect of memory is organised and how it functions
39
describe the central executive
involved in problem solving and decision making can process info from any of the senses has unlimited storage capacity
40
describe the phonological loop
auditory store rehearses sound based info to prevent rapid decay 2 subdivisions phonological store and articulatory loop
41
describe the phonological store
stores the words you hear referred to us as our "inner ear"
42
describe the articulatory loop
verbal rehearsal system used to prevent decay by saying info over and over again known as maintenance rehearsal
43
describe the Visio spatial sketch pad
stores visual and/or spatial (location of object) info which can be visualised in our head
44
describe the episodic buffer
added by baddeley (2000) to give the model a general store has limited capacity it integrates info from all other components
45
describe a study on WMM
study of KF KF's STM worked independently of his LTM some aspects of his immediate learning where impaired auditory problems limited to verbal material but unable to register sounds damage restricted to phonological loop suggesting there is different components
46
study giving evidence of central executive
bunge et al (2000) used FMRI scans to see what parts of the train where most active when pps where doing 2 tasks found same brain areas where active in dual or single task conditions
47
what is interference theory
some of our forgetting takes place because of interference of 2 pieces of info that conflict with each other resulting in one or both being forgotten
48
what is proactive interference
older memories interferes with a newer one past learning interferes with attempt to learn something new
49
what is retroactive interference
happens when new memory interferes with with an older one
50
describe the Mceoch and McDonald study (1931)
they studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials. pps had to learn the first list to 100% accuracy then another list that was different for all 6 groups
51
findings from Mceoch and McDonald study's
pps performance depended on the second list the most similar to list 1 was worst therefor interference is worst when recall is similar
52
what is the evaluation on interference theory (time)
time between learning lab expts designed to maximise interference an example of this occurs is the time periods between learning list of words and recalling these should be as short as possible pps may have to recall list immediately and then 20 mins after so the whole process is over half an hour
53
what is retrieval failure theory
main reason we forget material from our LTM is because the material is not accessible even though its available but lacks cues
54
what is tucking and Thompson (1973) study on forgetting
forgetting occurs because the correct retrieval cues are not available to acmes memory they found recall is best when retrieval cues are same as encoding conditions
55
what are external environment cues
hot or cold
56
what are internal psychical cues
sore leg
57
what are psychological internal cues
happy sad
58
what is tulvings research on psychological internal cues
cues have to be present at encoding and retrieval for us to remember if cues are different at retrieval and or encoding there will be some forgetting
59
what is golden and baddeleys study (scuba diver)
got pro divers to learn 40 unrelated words underwater or on beach they either learned on beach and recalled on beach learned on beach recalled underwater vice versa recalling in a different environment to learning resulted in a 30% deficit
60
what is eyewitness testimony
legal term referring to the use of eyewitnesses to give evidence in court
61
describe the 3 phases EW memory goes through
witnesses encode into LTM info of event may be partial distortion witness retains info for period of time memory may be modified during retention witness retrieves info from storage accuracy may be affected when reconstructing the memory
62
what is misleading info
incorrect info given to other EW after event
63
what are the two types of misleading info
leading questions and PED
64
what are leading questions
a question which is phrased in a way that suggests a certain answer
65
what is Loftus and palmers study (1974) on leading questions
got 5 groups of pps to watch short clips of a car crash all played in different orders. they asked the different groups "what speed were the cars travelling at when they.." each group had a different verb ranging from bumped to smashed Loftus and palmer fond the estimated speed was affected by the verb used telling us memory representation is altered as verb changes changes a person perception of accident
66
what is post event discussion
more than one witness to event where they discuss what they saw this my influence the accuracy of what they actually saw so their EWT may become contaminated with misinformation from others
67
describe Gabbert et al study on PED
put pps in pairs to watch clip fo same crime but at different pov they discussed what they saw after 71% of pps mistakenly recalled aspects of event they hadn't seen but picked up from discussion therefor witnesses often go along with each other for social approval or believe they are right
68
what is anxiety
emotions include having worried thoughts and feelings of tension psychical changes include increased heart rate
69
what does Loftus et al study show
anxiety has negative effect on recall. by monitoring EW movements they found the presense of a weapon caused attention to be draw to weapon and away from person
70
describe the heroes Dodson law when applied to EWT
lower levels of anxiety produce lower levels of recall accuracy memory becomes more accurate as anxiety increases until it reaches optimal level if EW experiences more stress recall suffers
71
evaluation on research of anxiety
individual differences one key extraneous variable in studies of anxiety is emotional sensitivity bothwell et al study labelled pps as either neurotic (anxious quick) or stable (less emotionally sensitive) stable pps showed rising levels of accuracy as stress increased whereas opposite for neurotic this shows individual differences play a big role in EWT
72
what is a cognitive interview
method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories
73
describe the first cognitive interview technique (report everything)
every single detail is reported even if it is irrelevant as the addition of small details over many witnesses can paint a clearer picture
74
describe cognitive interview technique (reinstate the context)
aim to make memories more accessible encourage interviewee to return to scene "what colours do u see"
75
describe the cognitive interview technique (reverse the order)
events recalled in different order to original e.g end to start to prevent pre existing schema (blocks in memory on what we remember) influencing recall
76
describe cognitive interview technique (change perspective)
interviewee recalls even from multiple pov"s

psychology (13 decks)

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