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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is capacity

A

amount of info that can be stored in the various memory stores

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2
Q

describe a study done on capacity

A

jacobs (1987) created the digit span technique where he called digits out adding another digit onto the sequence until pps no longer could recall

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3
Q

findings of Jacobs (1987) study

A

an average of 7 digits could be recalled tells us our STM is limited - backs up millers study of an immediate memory span of 7 + - 2

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4
Q

what is chunking

A

grouping sets of digits/letters into chunks

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5
Q

disadvantages of research on capacity

A

other researchers have found it is more likely to be 5 chunks rather than millers for. there are also individual differences like age that will have an impact

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6
Q

what is duration

A

length of time info can be held in memory

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7
Q

what was the outcome of Peterson and Petersons research on duration

A

recall of students got progressively worse as delay grew longer

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8
Q

disadvantage of research of duration (evaluation)

A

in Peterson and person study its hard to generalise as it does not reflect most real life memory activities so easier to forget

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9
Q

what is coding

A

refers to the way info is changed so it can be stored in memory. info enters brain through senses and is stored in various forms

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10
Q

describe baddeleys research on coding

A

he gave lists of words to four groups of pps groups 1 and 2 where acoustically (di)similar and groups 3 and 4 where semantically (di)similar

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11
Q

describe baddeleys findings

A

pps who had to recall immediately did worse with acoustically similar words but after 20 mins they did worse recalling semantically similar words therefor info is encoded semantically into LTM

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12
Q

disadvantage of research on coding (evaluation)

A

baddeley may not of tested LTM as it was only 20 mins swell his study was quite artificial and hard to generalise

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13
Q

who created the MSM

A

Atkinson and shiffrin

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14
Q

what are the key features on the MSM

A

sensory register, STM and LTM

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15
Q

describe the sensory register

A

part of memory that receives and stores info from environment through senses

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16
Q

what is iconic memory

A

visual info

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17
Q

what is echoic memory

A

auditory info

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18
Q

what is haptic memory

A

memory of things you’ve touched

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19
Q

describe features of the STM

A

material that is transferred from sensory store
lasts for 18 secs in STM
maintenance rehearsal will pass info into LTM

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20
Q

describe the LTM

A

info held for long period of time
where all our knowledge is
potentially permanent store for info

when we want to recall from LTM it has to go back to STM in process called retrieval

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21
Q

what is primary data

A

data gained directly from the researcher

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22
Q

what is secondary data

A

data that has already been found but is reused

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23
Q

weaknesses of case studies

A

hard to generalise to the population
can be unreliable due to memory changing over time
issue for WMM as most of its research that supports it comes from WMM

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24
Q

what are the strengths of using case studies

A

produces lots of detail on individual behaviour
not always ethical to redo conditions from study
allows us to research rare conditions

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25
Q

strengths of MSM (evaluation)

A

controlled lab studies on capacity, duration and coding support the existence of a separate short and long term store

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26
Q

what are the 3 different types of LTM

A

episodic semantic procedural

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27
Q

what is episodic memory

A

ability to recall events from our lives
memory concerned with personal details

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28
Q

what is semantic memory

A

contains our knowledge of the world facts and figures

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29
Q

what is procedural memory

A

memory for our actions and how we carry out the skills we recall these memories unconsciously

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30
Q

what evidence is there on LTM

A

brain scans show 3 types of memory found in different parts of the brain. episodic memory in the hippocampus semantic found in temporal lobe and procedural in the cerrelibium

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31
Q

strengths of MSM

A

study of KF shown different areas of the brain where involved in STM and LTM supporting the MSM

32
Q

disadvantages of MSM

A

MSM suggests STM is involved before LTM suggesting STM is actually apart of the LTM and not a separate store

33
Q

what are the problems with evidence from patients with brain damage

A

can’t reach a firm conclusion as its hard to reach certain parts of the brain until the person has died

34
Q

what is a single disassociation

A

ability to form new semantic memories but not episodic

35
Q

what is a double disassociation

A

poor semantic memories but generally episodic memories

36
Q

what is priming

A

exposure to one stimulus may influence a response unconsciously (fav fruit banana then fav colour yellow)

37
Q

who founded the WMM

A

baddeley and hitch

38
Q

what is the function of the WMM

A

explanation of how one aspect of memory is organised and how it functions

39
Q

describe the central executive

A

involved in problem solving and decision making
can process info from any of the senses
has unlimited storage capacity

40
Q

describe the phonological loop

A

auditory store
rehearses sound based info to prevent rapid decay
2 subdivisions phonological store and articulatory loop

41
Q

describe the phonological store

A

stores the words you hear referred to us as our “inner ear”

42
Q

describe the articulatory loop

A

verbal rehearsal system used to prevent decay by saying info over and over again known as maintenance rehearsal

43
Q

describe the Visio spatial sketch pad

A

stores visual and/or spatial (location of object) info which can be visualised in our head

44
Q

describe the episodic buffer

A

added by baddeley (2000) to give the model a general store
has limited capacity it integrates info from all other components

45
Q

describe a study on WMM

A

study of KF
KF’s STM worked independently of his LTM
some aspects of his immediate learning where impaired
auditory problems limited to verbal material but unable to register sounds
damage restricted to phonological loop suggesting there is different components

46
Q

study giving evidence of central executive

A

bunge et al (2000) used FMRI scans to see what parts of the train where most active when pps where doing 2 tasks
found same brain areas where active in dual or single task conditions

47
Q

what is interference theory

A

some of our forgetting takes place because of interference of 2 pieces of info that conflict with each other resulting in one or both being forgotten

48
Q

what is proactive interference

A

older memories interferes with a newer one past learning interferes with attempt to learn something new

49
Q

what is retroactive interference

A

happens when new memory interferes with with an older one

50
Q

describe the Mceoch and McDonald study (1931)

A

they studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials. pps had to learn the first list to 100% accuracy then another list that was different for all 6 groups

51
Q

findings from Mceoch and McDonald study’s

A

pps performance depended on the second list the most similar to list 1 was worst therefor interference is worst when recall is similar

52
Q

what is the evaluation on interference theory (time)

A

time between learning
lab expts designed to maximise interference an example of this occurs is the time periods between learning list of words and recalling these should be as short as possible
pps may have to recall list immediately and then 20 mins after so the whole process is over half an hour

53
Q

what is retrieval failure theory

A

main reason we forget material from our LTM is because the material is not accessible even though its available but lacks cues

54
Q

what is tucking and Thompson (1973) study on forgetting

A

forgetting occurs because the correct retrieval cues are not available to acmes memory they found recall is best when retrieval cues are same as encoding conditions

55
Q

what are external environment cues

A

hot or cold

56
Q

what are internal psychical cues

A

sore leg

57
Q

what are psychological internal cues

A

happy sad

58
Q

what is tulvings research on psychological internal cues

A

cues have to be present at encoding and retrieval for us to remember if cues are different at retrieval and or encoding there will be some forgetting

59
Q

what is golden and baddeleys study (scuba diver)

A

got pro divers to learn 40 unrelated words underwater or on beach they either learned on beach and recalled on beach learned on beach recalled underwater vice versa

recalling in a different environment to learning resulted in a 30% deficit

60
Q

what is eyewitness testimony

A

legal term referring to the use of eyewitnesses to give evidence in court

61
Q

describe the 3 phases EW memory goes through

A

witnesses encode into LTM info of event may be partial distortion

witness retains info for period of time memory may be modified during retention

witness retrieves info from storage accuracy may be affected when reconstructing the memory

62
Q

what is misleading info

A

incorrect info given to other EW after event

63
Q

what are the two types of misleading info

A

leading questions and PED

64
Q

what are leading questions

A

a question which is phrased in a way that suggests a certain answer

65
Q

what is Loftus and palmers study (1974) on leading questions

A

got 5 groups of pps to watch short clips of a car crash all played in different orders. they asked the different groups “what speed were the cars travelling at when they..” each group had a different verb ranging from bumped to smashed

Loftus and palmer fond the estimated speed was affected by the verb used telling us memory representation is altered as verb changes changes a person perception of accident

66
Q

what is post event discussion

A

more than one witness to event where they discuss what they saw this my influence the accuracy of what they actually saw so their EWT may become contaminated with misinformation from others

67
Q

describe Gabbert et al study on PED

A

put pps in pairs to watch clip fo same crime but at different pov they discussed what they saw after

71% of pps mistakenly recalled aspects of event they hadn’t seen but picked up from discussion therefor witnesses often go along with each other for social approval or believe they are right

68
Q

what is anxiety

A

emotions include having worried thoughts and feelings of tension psychical changes include increased heart rate

69
Q

what does Loftus et al study show

A

anxiety has negative effect on recall. by monitoring EW movements they found the presense of a weapon caused attention to be draw to weapon and away from person

70
Q

describe the heroes Dodson law when applied to EWT

A

lower levels of anxiety produce lower levels of recall accuracy

memory becomes more accurate as anxiety increases until it reaches optimal level

if EW experiences more stress recall suffers

71
Q

evaluation on research of anxiety

A

individual differences
one key extraneous variable in studies of anxiety is emotional sensitivity
bothwell et al study labelled pps as either neurotic (anxious quick) or stable (less emotionally sensitive)
stable pps showed rising levels of accuracy as stress increased whereas opposite for neurotic

this shows individual differences play a big role in EWT

72
Q

what is a cognitive interview

A

method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories

73
Q

describe the first cognitive interview technique (report everything)

A

every single detail is reported even if it is irrelevant as the addition of small details over many witnesses can paint a clearer picture

74
Q

describe cognitive interview technique (reinstate the context)

A

aim to make memories more accessible encourage interviewee to return to scene “what colours do u see”

75
Q

describe the cognitive interview technique (reverse the order)

A

events recalled in different order to original e.g end to start to prevent pre existing schema (blocks in memory on what we remember) influencing recall

76
Q

describe cognitive interview technique (change perspective)

A

interviewee recalls even from multiple pov”s

psychology (9 decks)

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