memory Flashcards
semantic memory
concepts/facts/dates
episodic memory
personal life experiences
autobiographical memory
personal history
semantic + episodic
emotional memory
emotions - important for episodic memory
memory involves…
encoding - conversion of info into a form for mem storage
storage - creation of a trace, of this info
consolidation - strengthening of a trace overtime
retrieval - attempt to recover this memory trace
explicit vs implicit
explicit = semantic & episodic
implicit = skills, habits, priming
what is anterograde amnesia?
memory after trauma is not intact
what is retrograde amnesia?
memory before trauma is lost
what is temporal lobe amnesia?
long term episodic memory is disrupted
long term semantic memory is intact
implicit memory is mainly intact
short term memory…
has capacity limitation due to processing limitations NOT storage limitations
Long term memory…
requires elaborate rehearsal, which enhances encoding into LTM - leading to elaborate consolidation
(Bransford and Johnson)
information/memory is…
initially labile but overtime it is consolidated into a more damage-resistant form
Patient HM had?
BOTH anterograde and retrograde amnesia
declarative vs non-declarative
declarative: facts/events
non-declarative: skills/habits/priming
what part of the brain is most responsible for memory?
medial temporal lobe
what is retroactive interference?
new learning interferes with the info learnt in the past
what is proactive interference?
old learning interferes with the new
what did Ebbinghaus do?
the forgetting curve (nonsense syllables)
- 100% retained at 10mins, decreases t0 20% after a month
Peterson and Peterson showed that…
short-term memory has a limited duration of approximately 18 seconds
Miller showed…
‘Miller’s Magic Number - STM
- capacity of 7 plus/minus 2 units
- decays in 20 ish seconds
state the stage theory of memory?
sensory memory
STM
LTM
existence of separate memory systems
- bias in encoding
a mechanism for memory consolidation:
- Experience is encoded in the hippocampus
- The representation of experience is replayed at high speed during Slow Wave sleep
- Sleep spindles may reflect engagement of that replayed experience with information in neocortex
- These events may underlie episodic memory consolidation
more sleep spindles =
better memory performance
procedural memory :
skills etc
4 types of forgetting…
(1 is actually remembering)
- transience/ memory decay - reduced mem overtime
- blocking/ retrieval failure - can’t remember needed info
- absentmindedness - encoding failure/ lack of attention
- persistance - unwanted mems coming up
3 sins related to memory distortion…
misattribution - assigning memory to wrong source
bias - influence of current knowledge on memory for past events
suggestibility - altering a memory because of misleading information
Baddeley and Hitch working memory
they argued that atkinson and shiffrin model = too simple)
4x components in working memory:
- Central executive (in command),
- Visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye),
- Phonological loop (inner ear and inner voice),
- Episodic Buffer (temporary storage, chunking, LTM integration)
