memory

Question 1

semantic memory

Answer 1

concepts/facts/dates

Question 2

episodic memory

Answer 2

personal life experiences

Question 3

autobiographical memory

Answer 3

personal history
semantic + episodic

Question 4

emotional memory

Answer 4

emotions - important for episodic memory

Question 5

memory involves…

Answer 5

encoding - conversion of info into a form for mem storage
storage - creation of a trace, of this info
consolidation - strengthening of a trace overtime
retrieval - attempt to recover this memory trace

Question 6

explicit vs implicit

Answer 6

explicit = semantic & episodic
implicit = skills, habits, priming

Question 7

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 7

memory after trauma is not intact

Question 8

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 8

memory before trauma is lost

Question 9

what is temporal lobe amnesia?

Answer 9

long term episodic memory is disrupted
long term semantic memory is intact
implicit memory is mainly intact

Question 10

short term memory…

Answer 10

has capacity limitation due to processing limitations NOT storage limitations

Question 11

Long term memory…

Answer 11

requires elaborate rehearsal, which enhances encoding into LTM - leading to elaborate consolidation

(Bransford and Johnson)

Question 12

information/memory is…

Answer 12

initially labile but overtime it is consolidated into a more damage-resistant form

Question 13

Patient HM had?

Answer 13

BOTH anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 14

declarative vs non-declarative

Answer 14

declarative: facts/events
non-declarative: skills/habits/priming

Question 15

what part of the brain is most responsible for memory?

Answer 15

medial temporal lobe

Question 16

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 16

new learning interferes with the info learnt in the past

Question 17

what is proactive interference?

Answer 17

old learning interferes with the new

Question 18

what did Ebbinghaus do?

Answer 18

the forgetting curve (nonsense syllables)
- 100% retained at 10mins, decreases t0 20% after a month

Question 19

Peterson and Peterson showed that…

Answer 19

short-term memory has a limited duration of approximately 18 seconds

Question 20

Miller showed…

Answer 20

‘Miller’s Magic Number - STM
- capacity of 7 plus/minus 2 units
- decays in 20 ish seconds

Question 21

state the stage theory of memory?

Answer 21

sensory memory
STM
LTM

Question 22

existence of separate memory systems

Answer 22

• bias in encoding

Question 23

a mechanism for memory consolidation:

Answer 23

1. Experience is encoded in the hippocampus
2. The representation of experience is replayed at high speed during Slow Wave sleep
3. Sleep spindles may reflect engagement of that replayed experience with information in neocortex
4. These events may underlie episodic memory consolidation

Question 24

more sleep spindles =

Answer 24

better memory performance

Question 25

procedural memory :

Answer 25

skills etc

Question 26

4 types of forgetting…

(1 is actually remembering)

Answer 26

• transience/ memory decay - reduced mem overtime
• blocking/ retrieval failure - can’t remember needed info
• absentmindedness - encoding failure/ lack of attention
• persistance - unwanted mems coming up

Question 27

3 sins related to memory distortion…

Answer 27

misattribution - assigning memory to wrong source

bias - influence of current knowledge on memory for past events

suggestibility - altering a memory because of misleading information

Question 28

Baddeley and Hitch working memory

Answer 28

they argued that atkinson and shiffrin model = too simple)
4x components in working memory:
- Central executive (in command),
- Visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye),
- Phonological loop (inner ear and inner voice),
- Episodic Buffer (temporary storage, chunking, LTM integration)