classical conditioning Flashcards
steps of classical conditioning
- present stimuli in isolation
(NS = no response)
(US = UR) - neutral stimulus precedes US (pair repeatedly)
- Present previously neutral stimulus alone
CS = CR
what are conditioned emotional responses?
when NS are associated with emotional events and elicit emotional responses
example- Little Albert
what are 2 examples of conditioned emotional responses?
Advertising
Fetishes
what is the relationship between the UR and the CR?
preparation responses
- UR and CR are not identical
explain the preparation response…
classical conditioning is a learning mechanism so the CS/CR prepares animal for the onset of the US/UR
(not directed towards replacing the US with the CS)
what is the compensatory-reaction hypothesis?
when sometimes the UR and CR are opposites so the body ‘prepares’ itself for the stimulus/response.
example -insulin injections
explain the compensatory-reaction related to drug tolerance…
opiates used for pain relief/ euphoria etc.
after repeated injections, stimuli surrounding drug injections produce compensatory reactions (depression, restlessness)
the same effect requires more of the drug
is the environment important for where a dose of drugs is taken? why?
yes - the environment may act as a CS and prepare the body for the does (compensatory reaction)
what is acquisition?
the period when the US evokes the CR.
what is forward vs backward conditioning?
forward = CS before/overlaps US
backward = CS after US
does simultaneous conditioning work?
no - it often fails to produce a CR
what is extinction?
when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US then the CR will gradually decrease.
what is spontaneous recovery?
when a CS - CR relation is extinguished
after a period with no CS presentations the CS may elicit a CR again.
the revived CR us less intense
widely used in treatments for anxieties/ phobias
what is blocking?
conditioning does not occur if a good predictor of the US already exists (Kamin 1969)
what is higher - order conditioning?
Once a stimulus has become an effective CS for a certain CR, then that stimulus can be used to condition other stimuli.
what types of learning allows learning to extend from one context to a wider range of situations?
x3
stimulus generalization, higher-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning
what type of learning limit the extent that learning in one context influence behaviour is other situations?
blocking and stimulus discrimintation
Are US - CS associations more readily formed if they seem to belong together? give examples for your answer…
yes
- alcohol taste aversion - after a bad incident on a specfic alcohol - no longer like/want that one
- problematic coyotes eating pets - put gross chemical in rabbits etc that they are eating. Taste aversion.
