classical conditioning

Question 1

steps of classical conditioning

Answer 1

1. present stimuli in isolation
   (NS = no response)
   (US = UR)
2. neutral stimulus precedes US (pair repeatedly)
3. Present previously neutral stimulus alone
   CS = CR

Question 2

what are conditioned emotional responses?

Answer 2

when NS are associated with emotional events and elicit emotional responses
example- Little Albert

Question 3

what are 2 examples of conditioned emotional responses?

Answer 3

Advertising
Fetishes

Question 4

what is the relationship between the UR and the CR?

Answer 4

preparation responses
- UR and CR are not identical

Question 5

explain the preparation response…

Answer 5

classical conditioning is a learning mechanism so the CS/CR prepares animal for the onset of the US/UR
(not directed towards replacing the US with the CS)

Question 6

what is the compensatory-reaction hypothesis?

Answer 6

when sometimes the UR and CR are opposites so the body ‘prepares’ itself for the stimulus/response.
example -insulin injections

Question 7

explain the compensatory-reaction related to drug tolerance…

Answer 7

opiates used for pain relief/ euphoria etc.
after repeated injections, stimuli surrounding drug injections produce compensatory reactions (depression, restlessness)

the same effect requires more of the drug

Question 8

is the environment important for where a dose of drugs is taken? why?

Answer 8

yes - the environment may act as a CS and prepare the body for the does (compensatory reaction)

Question 9

what is acquisition?

Answer 9

the period when the US evokes the CR.

Question 10

what is forward vs backward conditioning?

Answer 10

forward = CS before/overlaps US
backward = CS after US

Question 11

does simultaneous conditioning work?

Answer 11

no - it often fails to produce a CR

Question 12

what is extinction?

Answer 12

when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US then the CR will gradually decrease.

Question 13

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 13

when a CS - CR relation is extinguished
after a period with no CS presentations the CS may elicit a CR again.
the revived CR us less intense

widely used in treatments for anxieties/ phobias

Question 14

what is blocking?

Answer 14

conditioning does not occur if a good predictor of the US already exists (Kamin 1969)

Question 15

what is higher - order conditioning?

Answer 15

Once a stimulus has become an effective CS for a certain CR, then that stimulus can be used to condition other stimuli.

Question 16

what types of learning allows learning to extend from one context to a wider range of situations?
x3

Answer 16

stimulus generalization, higher-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning

Question 17

what type of learning limit the extent that learning in one context influence behaviour is other situations?

Answer 17

blocking and stimulus discrimintation

Question 18

Are US - CS associations more readily formed if they seem to belong together? give examples for your answer…

Answer 18

yes
- alcohol taste aversion - after a bad incident on a specfic alcohol - no longer like/want that one
- problematic coyotes eating pets - put gross chemical in rabbits etc that they are eating. Taste aversion.