behaviour Flashcards
what is behavior
an interaction with the environment
what are the 2 behavior selected by evolution
reflexive behaviors and instinctual behaviors
4 behaviors selected by experience?
- habituation
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- observational learning
what is habituation?
the decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure.
why is habituation important for survivial?
regular benign behaviour would affect our behaviour. Once we see that the threat is benign we can move on.
learnt behaviors can look …?
instinctive
what is instrumental conditioning
(operant conditioning)
- positive consequence increase likelihood of a response - and vice versa
categories of operant conditioning
positive/negative - reinforcement/ punishment
who is BF Skinner
created skinner’s box - with the rats and levers
what is acquisition
Behavior shaped by successive approximations
- Positive and negative consequences of actions constantly shaping behavior repertoires.
what is a fixed ratio schedule?
reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.
what is a variable ratio schedule?
The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. (random amount of times)
what is a fixed interval schedule?
reinforcer is given for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed.
what is a variable interval schedule?
reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.
how do behaviours become more resistant to extinction?
When behaviors are only reinforced occasionally
Premack principle - behaviour
behaviors are characterized as either high probability or low probability. Behavior is reinforced when it is followed by higher probability behaviors.
what is observational learning?
occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others’ behaviour
bandura doll experiment is an example of what?
observational learning
what are the 4 key processes for observational learning to occur?
attention
retention
production
motivation
what are the 4 key processes for observational learning to occur?
attention
retention
production
motivation
what does ‘clever hans’ demonstrate?
while the animal is doing the task correctly – are they solving the task in the way we think or is it more a simpler form?
what may be an issue with operant conditioning?
satiation - do not have the resources to reward all behaviour/ rat can only eat so much condensed milk etc
Ratio depends on the …. and interval depends on ….
number of responses, passage of time
what is partial reinforcement extinction effect?
Partial reinforcement schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI) provide greater resistance to extinction
(When behaviors are only reinforced occasionally, they are more resistant to extinction than behaviors reinforced all the time)
