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IMS > Membrane proteins and carbohydrates > Flashcards

Membrane proteins and carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are membrane proteins required for

A
  • movement of metabolites

- signalling

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2
Q

What are the three types of membrane proteins

A
  • integral (intrinsic) proteins
  • lipid-linked proteins
  • peripheral (extrinsic) proteins
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3
Q

Describe integral proteins

A
  • single or multiple transmembrane

- interact with fatty acid chains in hydrophobic interior

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4
Q

What are transmembrane regions made up of

A
  • amino acids

- hydrophobic chains

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5
Q

How are integral proteins extracted

A
  • disturbing membrane with organic solvents
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6
Q

Give two examples of integral proteins

A
  • glycophorin A

- bacteriorhodopsin

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7
Q

Describe glycophorin A

A
  • single TM
  • asymmetrically oriented
  • glycosylated
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8
Q

Describe becteriorhodopsin

A
  • multiple TMs
  • 20-30 aas in a-helix —> cross the 45A thick membrane
  • short loops on sides of membrane
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9
Q

Describe lipid-linked proteins

A
  • covalently linked to lipid

- lipid inserted in membrane

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10
Q

Give examples of lipid-linked proteins

A
  • prion
  • viral
  • signalling
  • insulin
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11
Q

Describe peripheral proteins

A
  • no interaction with hydrophobic core
  • interact with lipid headgroups
  • soluble in aqueous solution
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12
Q

How are peripheral proteins removed

A

High salt soln

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13
Q

Give examples of peripheral proteins

A

Cytoskeletal proteins

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14
Q

Give examples of cytoskeletal proteins

A
  • spectrins
  • ankyrin
  • actin
  • band 4.1
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15
Q

What do spectrins do

A

Form 200nm long filaments

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16
Q

What do ankyrin do

A

Bridges spectrins and band 3 proteins

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17
Q

What do actin do

A

Joins spectrin filaments

18
Q

What do band 4.1 do

A

Stabilises spectrin-actin interaction

19
Q

What happens if peripheral proteins are removed from RBCs

A
  • lose rigid shape

- proteins become mobile

20
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton proteins

A
  • maintain shape & rigidity

- restrict lateral motion on integral proteins

21
Q

What causes spherocytosis & elliptocytosis

A
  • mutations in genes encoding spectrin and ankyrin
  • abnormally shared erythrocytes
  • degraded more rapidly —> spleen action
22
Q

What do spherocytosis & elliptocytosis cause

A

Anaemia

23
Q

What causes AD symptoms

A
  • brain nerve cells dying
  • connections between nerve cells degenerating
  • loss of part of brain dealing with memory
24
Q

What are the clinical features of AD

A
  • amnesia
  • aphasia
  • agnosia
  • apraxia
  • visuopatial difficulties
  • functional impairment
  • mood disorders
  • psychosis
  • personality change
25
Q

What causes AD

A

Neurone malfunction

26
Q

What are the types of drugs used to treat AD

A
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • NMDA receptor antagonist
  • anti-psychotic drugs
27
Q

Name cholinesterase inhibitors

A
  • aricept
  • exelon
  • Reminyl
28
Q

Name NMDA receptor antagonist

A

Ebixa

29
Q

What do AD drugs do

A

Relieve symptoms, not cure

30
Q

What does cholesterol cause in heart diseased ppl

A

Increased no. of amyloid plaques

31
Q

What does cholesterol cause in heart diseased ppl

A

Increased no. of amyloid plaques

32
Q

Describe relationship between cholesterol and AD

A
  • Apolipoprotein E4 (cholesterol transport) more abundant in AD
33
Q

Describe relationship between statins & AD

A
  • ppl with statins —> 70% lower AD cases
34
Q

What do statins do

A
  • lower Ab production

- alter cholesterol content —> more fluid

35
Q

What do statins don’t do

A

Slow progression in AD patients

36
Q

What is Ab believed to contribute to

A
  • aggregation

- development of AD

37
Q

What do O-linked glycoproteins contain

A

Carbohydrate attached to serine/threonine

38
Q

What do N-linked glycoproteins contain

A

Carbohydrate attached to asparagine amino acid (anything that’s not proline)

39
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates

A
  • stabilise proteins
  • intercellular recognition
    Eg blood antigens
40
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates

A
  • stabilise proteins
  • intercellular recognition
    Eg blood antigens
41
Q

How are O,A & B antigens recognised

A
  • O: no extra sugar
  • A: N-acetyl-galactosamine
  • B: Galactose

IMS (18 decks)

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