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IMS > Embryology 1 > Flashcards

Embryology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two methods of dating a pregnancy

A
  • Menstrual age

- Fertilisation age

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2
Q

Who uses the menstrual age method

What does the method rely on

How is it split

A

Clinicians

The woman’s last menstrual cycle

Three equal trimesters

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3
Q

Why is the menstrual age cycle 40 weeks long

A

1st 2 weeks due to ovulation

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4
Q

Who uses the fertilisation age method

How many weeks of pregnancy does it include

How many periods is it split into

A

Embryologists

38 weeks

3 periods

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5
Q

What are the three periods of the fertilisation age method

A
  • Early development (ED)
  • Embryonic period (E)
  • Foetal period (F)
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6
Q

What happens in the early development period (fertilisation age)

A
  • Cell division
  • Pre-embryonic
  • Foetus termination due to environmental factors
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7
Q

What happens in embryonic period (fertilisation age)

A
  • Organogenesis
  • Most susceptible to environmental factors since organs still forming
    Eg teratogens
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8
Q

What happens in the foetal period (fertilisation age)

A
  • Parturition lost likely
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9
Q

What are the know causes for human birth defects

A
  • Genetics

- Environmental

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10
Q

What are the genetic causes for human birth defects

A
  • Monogenic

- Chromosomal

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11
Q

What is a monogenic cause

A

Defective gene on autosome

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12
Q

What are chromosomal causes

A

Numerical Structural

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13
Q

What are the effects of Trisomy 21, Down’s syndrome

A
  • Growth retardation
  • Intellectual retardation
  • Craniofacial abnormalities
  • Congenital heart defects
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14
Q

What are the environmental causes of human birth defects

A
  • Infections
  • Chemical
  • Deficiency
  • Maternal disease
  • Physical
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15
Q

What are the infectious agents that cause human birth defects and how does the baby get them (infections)

A

Cross the placenta

  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Rubella
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Herpes virus
  • Zika virus
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16
Q

What causes toxoplasmosis (infections)

A
  • Parasite
  • Cat faeces and uncooked meat
  • Usually asymptomatic
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17
Q

What are the congenital malformations of toxoplasmosis (infections)

A
  • Inflammation of retina
  • Hearing loss
  • Enlarged liver spleen
  • Hydrocephaly
  • Microcephaly
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18
Q

When is rubella likely to happen
How can it be reduced
(Infection)

A

1st 3 months

MMR vaccine

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19
Q

What are the congenital malformations dues to rubella (infection)

A
  • Cloudy cornea
  • Intellectual disability
  • Microcephaly
    Heart defects
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20
Q

How is cytomegalovirus transmitted (infection)

A

Viral, via bodily fluids

Usually asymptomatic

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21
Q

What are the congenital malformations of cytomegalovirus (infection)

A
  • Inflammation of retina
  • Enlarged spleen or liver
  • Mineral deposits on the brain
  • Microcephaly
  • Psychomotor retardation
22
Q

What causes Herpes (infection)

A
  • Herpes simplex

- Herpes zoster

23
Q

Wha causes chickenpox and when is it most dangerous (infection)

A
  • Varcellar zoster virus

- 13-20 weeks or just before birth to two days after

24
Q

What are the congenital malformations of herpes virus (infection)

A
  • Segmental skinloss
  • Limb hypoplasia
  • Microcephaly
  • Visual defects
25
Q

What is the cause of Zika virus and how is it transmitted (infection)

A

Mosquito

Via bodily fluids

26
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika virus (infection)

A
  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Joint pain
  • Red eyes
27
Q

What are the congenital malformations of Zika virus (infection)

A
  • Microcephaly

- severe cognitive disabilities

28
Q

What are the chemical causes of human birth defects

A
  • Thalidomide

- Alcohol

29
Q

What does thalidomide cause and what is it used to treat

A

Shortened or absent limb

Leprosy and HIV

30
Q

What is foetal alcohol syndrome associated with

A
  • Prenatal & postnatal growth retardation
  • Intellectual disability
  • Impaired motor ability & coordination
31
Q

What is the most common deficiency that causes human birth defect

A

Folic acid deficiency

32
Q

What does folic acid deficiency cause and how can the risk be reduced

A
  • Malformation in CNS

- OTC supplements reduce malformation risk by 60%

33
Q

What are congenital malformations of folic acid deficiency

A
  • Spina bifida

- Anencephaly

34
Q

What is the most common maternal disease that causes human birth defect

A

Diabetes mellitus

35
Q

What happens in diabetes mellitus

A
  • Cellular structural defects

- Cellular physiology change

36
Q

What are the congenital malformations of diabetes mellitus

A
  • Macrosomia
  • Ventricular septal defects
  • Spines bifida
  • Renal agenisis
37
Q

What does radiation do to the foetus

A
  • Cell death
  • Chromosome changes
  • CNS damage
  • Most sensitive 1st trimester
38
Q

What are the congenital malformations of radiation

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Mental and cognitive disabilities
  • Haemopoietic malignancies and leukaemia
39
Q

What happens in fertilisation

A
  • Fimbriae sweep oocyte into unsterile tube
  • Capacitation of sperm in female tract
  • Acrosome reaction
  • Formation of zygote
  • Fusion of pronuclei
40
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

41
Q

What happens in acrosome reaction

A
  • Capacitated sperm passes through corona radiate
  • Acrosome releases enzymes —> sperm penetrates zone pellucida
  • Cortical reaction —> zona pellucida becomes impenetrable
42
Q

What happens in acrosome reaction

A
  • Capacitated sperm passes through corona radiate
  • Acrosome releases hydrologic enzymes —> sperm penetrates zona pellucida
  • Cortical reaction —> zona pellucida becomes impenetrable
43
Q

What happens in cleavage

A

Zygote cells divide

44
Q

Does the size of zygote change in cleavage

A

No. Blastomeres get smaller

45
Q

How is morula formed

A
  • 16-32 cells
  • Inner cell mass
  • Outer cell mass
46
Q

What does inner cell mass develop into

A

Embryo proper, embryoblasts

47
Q

What does outer cell mass develop into

A

Placenta, trophoblasts

48
Q

How is the blastocyst formed

A
  • Fluid-filled cavity
  • Cells separated: compact mass; thinner outer layer
  • Blastocyst hatch & implantation happens
49
Q

When is fluid-filled cavity formed

A

Day 5

50
Q

When does blastocyst hatch and implant

A

Days 5 & 6

IMS (18 decks)

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