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IMS > Infection 2: How is infection transmitted > Flashcards

Infection 2: How is infection transmitted Flashcards

1
Q

How much bacteria do upper airways contain

A

Saliva 10^8-10^9/ml

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2
Q

How much bacteria does GI tract have

A

Faeces 10^11-10^12/g

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3
Q

What does endogenous infection cover

A

Normal gut flora

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4
Q

What is cystitis

A

Infection of lower urinary tract

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5
Q

Symptoms of cystitis

A
  • lower abdominal pain
  • urgency to urinate
  • dysuria
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6
Q

Bacteria causing cystitis

A

E. Coli: gram-negative bacillus

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7
Q

Where do infections come from

A
  • Endogenous infection
  • Exogenous infection
  • Communicable diseases
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8
Q

Sources of exogenous/communicable infection

A
  • person-to-person
  • non-human sources
  • environment
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9
Q

What are the routes of transmission

A
  • Endogenous

- Exogenous

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10
Q

What are the endogenous routes of transmission

A
  • migration
  • perforation
  • blood
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11
Q

What are the exogenous routes of transmission

A
  • contact
  • injuries
  • airborne
  • oral
  • blood-borne
  • sex
  • mother-to-baby
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12
Q

Explain an example of infection due to migration

A
  • bowel flora, E.Coli, contaminates perineum
  • access urethra
  • local infection
  • Spreads to bladder
  • UTI
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13
Q

Explain an example of infection due to perforation

A
  • perforation of bowel
  • contamination of abdominal cavity with faecal flora
  • life-threatening
  • sepsis
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14
Q

Explain an example of infection spread due to blood spread

A
  • Endocarditis
  • dental work —> mouth flora enters blood stream
  • circulation —> organisms read distant sites
  • invasion occurs, esp. if tissue is abnormal
  • inflammation & structural damage
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15
Q

Explain a direct contact infection

A
  • impetigo
  • superficial skin infection, staphylococci
  • spreads rapidly
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16
Q

Examples of indirect contact infection

A
  • methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRSA)

- norovirus gastroenteritis

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17
Q

Infection due to injury

A
  • tetanus
  • clostridium tetani
  • in soil
  • contaminates wounds
  • toxin —> muscle spasm
  • prevented by vaccination
18
Q

Infection due to bites

A
  • malaria
  • mosquitoes & humans
  • tropics
  • severe febrile illness
19
Q

Airborne infection

A
  • Influenza virus
  • coughing & sneezing
  • droplets with infectious viruses
  • inhaled
20
Q

Oral (food or water-borne) infections

A
  • poor hygiene
  • food poisoning
  • vomiting, diarrhoea
21
Q

Blood-borne infection example

A
  • Hep B
  • liver infection
  • viruses spill into blood
22
Q

Transmission by blood exposure

A
  • transfusion
  • sharing of needles
  • tattoos
23
Q

How is chlamydia risk increased

A
  • unprotected sex
  • new partners
  • multiple partners
  • partners with high risk
24
Q

Examples of mother-to-baby transmission

A
  • pregnancy, rubella
  • birth, herpes
  • breast milk, HIV
  • birth canal, syphilis
25
Q

What ways can HIV be transmitted

A
  • blood borne, injections
  • vertical, breast milk
  • sexual
26
Q

How many steps does staphylococcus aureus soft tissues infection take

A
  • 2
  • colonisation of of skin: joins skin flora
  • penetration of skin: spreads&damages
27
Q

What is the Ebola infection mechanism

A

Direct infection and damage of cells

28
Q

What are virulence factors

A
  • allow invasion of host tissues, streptolysin
29
Q

What do virulence factors do

A
  • lyses cells - cytolysin

- produced by Group A streptococci

30
Q

What does cholera cause

A
  • Severe diarrhoea
  • massive loss of fluid & electrolytes
  • dehydration
  • kidney failure
  • death
31
Q

What is cholera toxin mechanism

A
  • toxin enters cells of gut lumen —> binges to it
  • activate adenyl cyclase increasing cAMP
  • reduces Na+ absorption
  • increases Cl- secretion
32
Q

What gives rise to antibiotic resistance

A
  • readily mutation
  • more antibiotics—>more mutations
  • failure of antibiotic treatment
33
Q

Example where antibiotic resistance causes sever infections

A

Staphylococcus aureus

34
Q

What are the host factors of infection

A
  • Environment
  • Barriers to infection
  • Genetics
35
Q

Environmental factors affecting viral spread

A
  • geography
  • climate
  • poverty
  • public health infrastructure
  • distribution of infection hosts
36
Q

What dengue fever

How is it transmitted

What are symptoms

A

Viral infection

Aedes mosquito

  • fever
  • rash
  • muscle pain
  • bleeding
  • shock
  • multi-organ failure
37
Q

What do drugs for stomach ulcer do

A

Increase pH from 2

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of taking stomach ulcer drugs

A

Susceptible to food poisoning

39
Q

What’s normal gut bacteria count

A

10^12/g faeces

40
Q

What does normal gut bacteria do

A
  • prevent colonisation
41
Q

How do pathogens reproduce in gut despite normal gut bacteria

A

Taking antibiotics harms useful bacteria too

42
Q

Give examples of diseases due to overreaction of immune system

A

Asthma, arthritis, colitis

IMS (18 decks)

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