Infection 3: Diagnosis & prognosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major groups of pathogens

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • parasites
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2
Q

Examples of bacteria

A
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • streptococci
  • escherichia coli
  • tuberculosis
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3
Q

Examples of viruses

A
  • rhinovirus
  • influenza
  • hepatitis B/C
  • HIV
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4
Q

Examples of fungi

A
  • candida

- Tinea

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5
Q

Examples of parasites

A
  • malaria

- hookworm

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6
Q

What do you listen out for when patients giving their history

A
  • non-specific symptoms
  • specific symptoms
  • conditions that make people more susceptible to infection
  • lifestyle activities that brings people in contact with infection
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7
Q

What does bacterial infection elevate

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

What does viral infection elevate

A

Lymphocyte

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9
Q

What does parasitic infection elevate

A

Eosinophil

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10
Q

What does C-reactive protein (CRP) mark

A

Inflammation

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11
Q

What do urea & electrolyte levels mark

A

Kidney function

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12
Q

What is used for liver function testing

A

LFTs

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13
Q

What sample is taken to test for pneumonia

A

Sputum

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14
Q

What sample is taken to test for gastroenteritis

A

Faeces

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15
Q

What sample is taken to test for tonsillitis

A

Throat swab

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16
Q

What is lumbar puncture used for

A

Testing cerebrospinal fluid for meningitis

17
Q

How is lumbar puncture done

A

Put needle between spinal cord

18
Q

What tests do microbiologists use

A

Microscopy
- Gram stain

Culture
- plates kill anything except suspected bacteria

Antibiotic sensitivity

19
Q

How do we detect organisms we can’t grow in the lab

A
  • identify part of organism
  • proteins (antigens)
  • DNA/RNA (PCR)
  • identify body’s immune system response to infection
20
Q

How can infections be treated

A
  • Supportive therapy

- Specific therapy

21
Q

What entails supportive therapy

A
  • Symptomatic - paracetamol for fever

- Dehydration/ Low blood pressure - IV fluids

22
Q

What entails specific therapy

A
  • Antimicrobials - drugs kill microorganisms

- Antibiotic - chemical substance derived from mould - kill bacteria

23
Q

What does self-limiting infection mean

A

No treatment is required

24
Q

What is the ideal antimicrobial

A
  • selective toxicity
  • bacteriocidal NOT bacteriostatic
  • no resistance
  • good pharmacokinetics
  • no side effects
  • not inactivated by enzymes secreted by microbes
25
Q

List some of the problems with antimicrobials

A
  • broad spectrum
  • narrow spectrum
  • some cannot be given orally
  • many cause serious side effects
  • bacterial resistance
26
Q

How to reduce pathogens in general environment

A
  • clean drinking water
  • improving sanitation
  • hygienic food preparation
27
Q

How to reduce pathogens in hospital environment

A
  • cleaning wards
  • filtered air in operating theatres
  • sterile instruments
28
Q

What are prophylactic treatments

A
  • antimalarials

- antibiotics given to immunosuppressed patients

29
Q

What are the two types of vaccination

A

Active
- antibodies

Passive
- stimulating immune system