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IMS > Infection 1: Introduction to infection > Flashcards

Infection 1: Introduction to infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organisms that cause infection

A 
- Helminths (Biggest)
                    | 
- Insects      |
                    |
- Protozoa   |
                    |     
- Fungi        |     
                    |
- Bacteria    |
                    |
- Viruses     |
                    |
- Prions (Smallest)
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2
Q

Example of helminths

A

Tapeworm

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3
Q

Example of insects

A

Fleas

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4
Q

Example of Protozoa

A

Malaria

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5
Q

Example of fungi

A

Candida

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6
Q

Example of bacteria

A

Staphylococci

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7
Q

Example of virus

A

Influenza

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8
Q

Example of prions

A

Kuru

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9
Q

What are the most common infections

A

Bacterial and viral

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10
Q

What is a parasite

A

Organism which depends on another for its survival to the detriment of the host

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11
Q

What are traditional medical parasites

A
  • Helminths
  • Insects
  • Protozoa
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12
Q

Where do endoparasites live

A

Inside body

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13
Q

Where do ectoparasites live

A

Outside body

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14
Q

What are the major illnesses that endoparasites cause

A
  • Helminths

- Protozoa

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15
Q

What are the minor illnesses that ectoparasites cause

A
  • Fleas
  • Lice
  • Bed bugs
  • Ticks
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16
Q

Describe Protozoa

A
  • unicellular
  • too small for naked eye
  • complex lifecycle, involves more than 1 host
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17
Q

What are the two types of Protozoa

A
  • Amoebae

- Sporozoa

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18
Q

Give an example of sporozoa

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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19
Q

Give an example of amoebae

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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20
Q

What does entamoeba histolytica do

A
  • invades large bowel lining

- causes dysentery

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of dysentery

A
  • abdominal cramps

- bloody diarrhoea

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22
Q

How is entamoeba excreted and spread and what increase its risk

A

With faeces

Contaminated food & water

Poor hygiene

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23
Q

Give an example of sporozoa

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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24
Q

Where does plasmodium falciparum live and what does it infect

A

Lives in humans and mosquitoes

Infects red blood cells & liver

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25
Q

What a re the symptoms of malaria

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Joint pains
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26
Q

What a re the complications of malaria

A
  • Kidney failure
  • Coma
  • Brain problems
  • Death
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27
Q

What is the risk of malaria

A

Geographical

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28
Q

Describe helminths

A
  • complex organisms

- some complex life cycles with more than one host

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29
Q

How many types of worms are there

A
  • Cestodes
  • Trematodes
  • Nematodes
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30
Q

Describe cestodes

A
  • segmented

- flat

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31
Q

Describe trematodes

A
  • unsegmented

- flat

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32
Q

Describe nematodes

A
  • cylindrical

- digestive tract with lips, teeth and anus

33
Q

Give an example of cestodes (tapeworms)

A

Toenia saginata

34
Q

Describe toenia saginata

A
  • intestinal parasite of humans
  • tiny cysts on beef meat
  • ingested by humans
35
Q

Heat are the symptoms of toenia saginata

A

Largely asymptomatic

  • abdominal pain
  • malnutrition
36
Q

What is the diagnosis foe toenia saginata

A
  • Patience

- Stool microscopy for eggs

37
Q

Who is the obligatory host for toenia saginata

Who is the intermediate

A

Human

Cattle

38
Q

Give an example of trematodes (flukes)

A

Schistosomia haematobium

39
Q

What does schistosomia haematobium cause

A
  • Infection of veins around bladder
  • Bladder inflammation
  • Bleeding into urine
40
Q

Diagnosis for schistosomia haematobium

A

Urine microscopy for eggs

41
Q

Intermediate host for schistosomia haematobium

A

Freshwater snail

42
Q

Give an example of ectoparasites

A

Bedbug

43
Q

Example of bedbug

A

Cimex lectulsrius

44
Q

Symptoms of bedbug

A
  • Itchy rash after bite

- can transmit other infections

45
Q

What are the forms of fungal infections

A
  • Yeasts: single cells which bud

- Moulds: filamentous strands

46
Q

What are superficial fungal infections

A
  • Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

- Tinea corporis (ringworm)

47
Q

Give an example of severe invasive fungal infection

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

48
Q

What does cryptococcus neoformans do

A

Infect patients with failing immune system —> low resistance

49
Q

What does cryptococcus neoformans cause

A
  • meningitis
  • headache
  • neck stiffness
  • confusion
  • coma
  • death
50
Q

What diseases is bacteria responsible for

A
  • Pneumonia
  • UTI
  • Meningitis
  • Cellulitis (skint and subcutaneous tissue infection)
  • Cholecystitis (gall bladder infection)
  • Diverticulitis (bowel infection)
  • Appendicitis
51
Q

What shapes do bacteria take

A
  • Round (coccus)
  • Rod (Bacillus)
  • Grouping (clusters, chains apirs)
52
Q

How do some bacteria differ in structural composition

A

Some retain violet crystal stain

53
Q

Gram positive colour

A

Purple

54
Q

Gram negative colour

A

Pink (can’t hold stain)

55
Q

Give an example of bacterial infection

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

56
Q

Describe appearance of streptococcus pneumonia

A
  • gram-positive

- diplococci

57
Q

What does streptococcus do

A
  • colonise nose & throat

- invades lungs —> pneumonia

58
Q

What are symptoms of streptococcus

A
  • cough
  • dirty septum
  • chest pain
  • breathlessness
  • fever
  • blood stream infection
  • meningitis
  • death
59
Q

What are the different kinds of viral infections

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
  • Latent
60
Q

What happens in acute viral infection

A
  • norovirus infects host for days

- diarrhoea & vomiting

61
Q

What happens in chronic viral infection

A
  • hep C —> liver inflammation for years
62
Q

What happens in latent viral infection

A

Herpes dormant for decades —> activated —> causes disease

63
Q

Example of virus that can cause latent infections

A

Varicella zoster

64
Q

Varicella zoster virus causes

A

Chickenpox

65
Q

Characteristics of chickenpox

A
  • rash

- fever

66
Q

Where are latent virus become dormant

A

Nerve roots

67
Q

What does Epstein-Barr virus do

A
  • mild illness
  • infects B cells
  • epithelial cells of nose and mouth
  • latent lifetime infection
68
Q

How common is Epstein-Barr virus

A

90% of UK get it

69
Q

What cancers does Epstein-Barr virus contribute to

A
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

- Lymphoma

70
Q

What are prions

A
  • Proteinaceous Infectious particles

- Lack nucleic acids (not living)

71
Q

How do they cause damage

A
  • abnormal—> accumulate in neural tissues
  • abration
  • very difficult to destroy
72
Q

Name 3 prion diseases

A
  • CJD
  • Variant CJD
  • Kuru
73
Q

What is CJD

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

74
Q

Describe CJD

A
  • rare
  • foetal
  • degenerative neurological disease
75
Q

How is CJD transmitted

A
  • human growth hormone
  • surgical instruments
  • corneal grafts
76
Q

Where does variant CJD occur

A

Young adults

77
Q

Where is CJD thought to be driven from

A

BSE

78
Q

How is kuru spread

A

Cannibalism, esp brains of relatives

IMS (18 decks)

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