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IMS > Blood diseases > Flashcards

Blood diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How many people in UK die as a result of venous and arterial thrombosis yearly

A
  • 25000

- 200000

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2
Q

What are the major causes of thrombosis

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • cancer
  • immobilisation
  • surgery
  • hypercoagulability (inhibitor PC, PS, AT deficiencies)
  • thrombocythaemia
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of neoplasms

A
  • myeloid

- lymphoid

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4
Q

What are malignancy according to location

A
  • leukaemia

- lymphoma

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5
Q

What is neoplasia and what are its two main causes

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth
  • oncogenes: directly causative of cancer e.g growth factors & their receptors
  • tumour suppressor genes
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6
Q

Name some myeloproliferative disorders

A
  • myeloid neoplasia
  • polycythaemia
  • thrombocythaemia
  • myelofibrosis
  • chronic myeloid leukaemia
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7
Q

What are myeloid malignancies

A
  • heterogeneous disorders
  • uncontrolled pro filtration
  • blockage of differentiation of abnormal myeloid progenitor cells
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8
Q

What is anaemia

A

Dec. RBCs

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9
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Dec. WBCs

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10
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Dec. Platelets

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11
Q

What is erythrocytosis

A

Inc. RBCs

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12
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Inc. WBCs

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13
Q

What is thrombocytosis

A

Inc. platelets

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14
Q

What causes leukaemia

A
  • accumulation of WBCs in bone marrow & blood
  • bone marrow failure
  • dec. RBC & platelets
  • inc. WBCs —>blood hypersensitivity —> respiratory/neurological symptoms
  • in advanced cases: dec. WBC due to BM failure —> infection
  • bleeding
  • tiredness
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15
Q

What is lymphoma

A
  • T/B lymphocyte neoplasia
  • non-Hodgkin/Hodgkin
  • Hodgkin—> Reed-Sternberg cells
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16
Q

What are normal haemoglobin levels in men/women

A
  • men: <13.5 g/dL

- women: <11.2 g/dL

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17
Q

How common is anaemia

A

30% population

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of anaemia

A
  • tiredness
  • pallor
  • fainting
  • tachycardia
  • shortness of breadth
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19
Q

Hat abnormalities cause anaemia

A
  • RBCs
  • Hb production
  • RBC destruction
20
Q

What does blood loss lead to

A
  • normocytic anaemia

- no abnormalities in RBC

21
Q

What is decreased response to erythropoietin caused by

A
  • iron-deficiency
  • vitamin B12 deficiency
  • folate deficiency
  • anaemia of chronic disease
22
Q

What growth factor act on stem cells to produce red cells

A

Erythropoietin

23
Q

What growth factor act on stem cells to produce platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

24
Q

What does Epo do

A

Lead to the release of RBCs

25
Q

Why can renal disease lead to anaemia

A
  • no Epo

- uncontrolled RBCs production

26
Q

What is the most common cause of anaemia

A

Iron deficiency

27
Q

What is microcytic anaemia

A

Pale & small RBCs

28
Q

Why does iron deficiency lead to microcytic anaemia

A

Reduced Hb production

29
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency

A
  • diet induced
  • blood loss
  • infection
  • growth spurts
  • pregnancy
30
Q

What is megaloblastic anaemia caused by

A

Vit B or folate deficiency

31
Q

What is the pathophysiology of megaloblastic anaemia

A
  • VitB12/folate we loved in DNA replication

- deficiency —> problems with mitosis

32
Q

What is megaloblastic anaemia

A

Large RBCs

33
Q

What causes Vit B12

A
  • reduced absorption
34
Q

What causes folate deficiency

A
  • poor nutrition
  • alcoholism
  • certain drugs
35
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia

A
  • RBC destruction, reduced lifespan

- insufficient replacement by BM

36
Q

What are the causes of haemolytic anaemia

A
  • acquired (malaria, sepsis)

- inherited

37
Q

What are the immune causes of acquired haemolytic anaemia

A
  • haemolytic syndrome in newborn, Rh

- autoantibodies

38
Q

What are the non-immune causes of acquire haemolytic anaemia

A
  • drug-induced
  • snake venom
  • mechanical
  • infections
39
Q

What are the three causes of inherited haemolytic anaemia

A
  • RBC cytoskeletal defects
  • RBC enzyme defects
  • Haemoglobin defects
40
Q

What causes cytoskeletal defects

A
  • mutations in a/b spectrin —> hereditary spherocytosis
41
Q

What causes RBC enzyme defects

A
  • G6PD deficiency, involved in NADPH metabolism
42
Q

What causes haemoglobin defects in inherited haemolytic anaemia

A
  • sickle cell disease

- thalassaemia

43
Q

What causes sickle cell disease

A
  • mutation in Hb b globin
  • Blu 6 —> Val
  • polymerisation of Hb
  • distorting RBC
44
Q

What are the effects of sickle cell

A
  • suckling RBCs
  • blockage of microvasculature —> sickle cell crisis
  • heterozygousity —> protection against malaria
45
Q

What is thalassemia

A
  • defects in a/b chains of haemoglobin
46
Q

What does thalassemia lead to

A

Ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis

IMS (18 decks)

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