Blood diseases Flashcards
How many people in UK die as a result of venous and arterial thrombosis yearly
- 25000
- 200000
What are the major causes of thrombosis
- atherosclerosis
- cancer
- immobilisation
- surgery
- hypercoagulability (inhibitor PC, PS, AT deficiencies)
- thrombocythaemia
What are the 2 types of neoplasms
- myeloid
- lymphoid
What are malignancy according to location
- leukaemia
- lymphoma
What is neoplasia and what are its two main causes
- uncontrolled cell growth
- oncogenes: directly causative of cancer e.g growth factors & their receptors
- tumour suppressor genes
Name some myeloproliferative disorders
- myeloid neoplasia
- polycythaemia
- thrombocythaemia
- myelofibrosis
- chronic myeloid leukaemia
What are myeloid malignancies
- heterogeneous disorders
- uncontrolled pro filtration
- blockage of differentiation of abnormal myeloid progenitor cells
What is anaemia
Dec. RBCs
What is leukopenia
Dec. WBCs
What is thrombocytopenia
Dec. Platelets
What is erythrocytosis
Inc. RBCs
What is leukocytosis
Inc. WBCs
What is thrombocytosis
Inc. platelets
What causes leukaemia
- accumulation of WBCs in bone marrow & blood
- bone marrow failure
- dec. RBC & platelets
- inc. WBCs —>blood hypersensitivity —> respiratory/neurological symptoms
- in advanced cases: dec. WBC due to BM failure —> infection
- bleeding
- tiredness
What is lymphoma
- T/B lymphocyte neoplasia
- non-Hodgkin/Hodgkin
- Hodgkin—> Reed-Sternberg cells
What are normal haemoglobin levels in men/women
- men: <13.5 g/dL
- women: <11.2 g/dL
How common is anaemia
30% population
What are the symptoms of anaemia
- tiredness
- pallor
- fainting
- tachycardia
- shortness of breadth
Hat abnormalities cause anaemia
- RBCs
- Hb production
- RBC destruction
What does blood loss lead to
- normocytic anaemia
- no abnormalities in RBC
What is decreased response to erythropoietin caused by
- iron-deficiency
- vitamin B12 deficiency
- folate deficiency
- anaemia of chronic disease
What growth factor act on stem cells to produce red cells
Erythropoietin
What growth factor act on stem cells to produce platelets
Thrombopoietin
What does Epo do
Lead to the release of RBCs
Why can renal disease lead to anaemia
- no Epo
- uncontrolled RBCs production
What is the most common cause of anaemia
Iron deficiency
What is microcytic anaemia
Pale & small RBCs
Why does iron deficiency lead to microcytic anaemia
Reduced Hb production
What are the causes of iron deficiency
- diet induced
- blood loss
- infection
- growth spurts
- pregnancy
What is megaloblastic anaemia caused by
Vit B or folate deficiency
What is the pathophysiology of megaloblastic anaemia
- VitB12/folate we loved in DNA replication
- deficiency —> problems with mitosis
What is megaloblastic anaemia
Large RBCs
What causes Vit B12
- reduced absorption
What causes folate deficiency
- poor nutrition
- alcoholism
- certain drugs
What is haemolytic anaemia
- RBC destruction, reduced lifespan
- insufficient replacement by BM
What are the causes of haemolytic anaemia
- acquired (malaria, sepsis)
- inherited
What are the immune causes of acquired haemolytic anaemia
- haemolytic syndrome in newborn, Rh
- autoantibodies
What are the non-immune causes of acquire haemolytic anaemia
- drug-induced
- snake venom
- mechanical
- infections
What are the three causes of inherited haemolytic anaemia
- RBC cytoskeletal defects
- RBC enzyme defects
- Haemoglobin defects
What causes cytoskeletal defects
- mutations in a/b spectrin —> hereditary spherocytosis
What causes RBC enzyme defects
- G6PD deficiency, involved in NADPH metabolism
What causes haemoglobin defects in inherited haemolytic anaemia
- sickle cell disease
- thalassaemia
What causes sickle cell disease
- mutation in Hb b globin
- Blu 6 —> Val
- polymerisation of Hb
- distorting RBC
What are the effects of sickle cell
- suckling RBCs
- blockage of microvasculature —> sickle cell crisis
- heterozygousity —> protection against malaria
What is thalassemia
- defects in a/b chains of haemoglobin
What does thalassemia lead to
Ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis
