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IMS > Embryology 4: Neurulation & embryonic folding > Flashcards

Embryology 4: Neurulation & embryonic folding Flashcards

1
Q

How is the neuroectoderm formed

A

Notochord induces thickening of ectoderm

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2
Q

What gives rise to the neural plate

A

Neroectoderm

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3
Q

How are the neuroma fold formed

A

The elevation of the lateral edges of the neural plate

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4
Q

How is the neural tube formed

A

Fusion of neural folds —> begins in cervical region of embryo —> continues cranial and caudally

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5
Q

When is the neuroectoderm formed

A

Day 19

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6
Q

When are neural folds formed

A

Day 20

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7
Q

When is neural tube formed

A

Day 22

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8
Q

When does anterior Neuroptera fuse to neural tube

A

Day 25

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9
Q

When does posterior Neuroptera fuse to neural tube

A

Day 28

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10
Q

What will the cranial end of the neural tube form

A

Brain

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11
Q

What will the caudal end of the neural tube form

A

Spinal cord

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12
Q

What is anencephaly

A

Failure of anterior Neuroptera to fuse

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13
Q

What happens in anencephaly

A
  • forebrain doesn’t form

- brain stem present (exposed)

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14
Q

What is the forebrain responsible for

A
  • cognition thinking
  • memory
  • speech
  • vision & hearing
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15
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for

A
  • heart
  • lungs
  • some reflexes
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16
Q

Name diseases that may result from failure of posterior neuropore to fuse

A
  • spina bifida occulta
  • meningocele
  • meningomyelocele
  • Rachischisis
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17
Q

What happens is rachischisis

A
  • spinal cord doesn’t form properly —> paralysis
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18
Q

Why does rachischisis cause spina bifida

A

Open neural tube prevents formation of vertebrae

19
Q

Why does rachischisis increase the risk of infection

A

Flat plate of neural tissue is exposed at birth

20
Q

What kind of defects are spina bifida, anecephaly & rachischisis

A

Neural tube defects

21
Q

What happens in spina bifida

A

Abnormal induction of the sclerotome by the notochord

22
Q

How frequent are NTDs in UK

A

1 in 1000 births

23
Q

By how much does folic acid reduce NTDs risk by

A

50-70%

24
Q

How do neural crest cells form

A
  • neural folds elevate & fuse

- lateral edge cells separate from neural tube

25
Q

What do neural crest cells do after formation

A
  • migrate laterally & centrally

- differentiate into a variety of structures

26
Q

Give an example of disease caused by defects in neural crest cell development

A

Neurofibromatosis

27
Q

What is neurofibromatosis

A

Genetic condition

28
Q

What causes neurofibromatosis

A

Mutation in neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene

29
Q

What is NF1

A

Tumour suppressant

30
Q

What does NF1 do

A

Switch off neurofibromatosis —> increased cell division

31
Q

What does neurofibromatosis cause

A

Benign tumours in

  • nervous system
  • skin
  • cranial bones
32
Q

When does the embryo start to fold

A

During the 4th week

33
Q

What a re the two directions of folding that the embryo undergoes

A
  • craniocaudal

- lateral

34
Q

Why does the embryo fold in two directions

A
  • Differential growth on amniotic sac and yolk sac
  • amniotic grows rapidly
  • yolk remains same size
35
Q

What does allantois do

A

Connected to foetal bladder

36
Q

What does Vitelli next duct do

A

Connection between between yolk sac & midgut

37
Q

Example of ventral body wall defects

A

Ectopia cordis

38
Q

What happens in ectopia cordis

A

Lateral folds fail to fuse in thoracic region

39
Q

Examples of ventral body wall defects

A

Ectopia cordis

Gastroschisis

40
Q

What happens in ectopia cordis

A

Lateral folds fail to fuse in thoracic region —> heart outside body

41
Q

How rare is ectopia cordis

A

1 in 5 million

42
Q

What is gastroschisis

A
  • Lateral folds fail to fold in abdominal region

- intestines outside body wall

43
Q

How common is gastroschisis

A

3.5 in 10000 births

IMS (18 decks)

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