Introduction to blood Flashcards
What are the functions of blood
- hydration of tissues & organs
- delivery of o2 & nutrients
- fight infection
- regulation of body temp.
- distribution of endocrine hormones
- prevent blood loss
What is the most abundant blood cell
Erythrocyte
- function: o2 transport
Why erythrocytes has no mitochondria or nucleus
- to carry o2
Which white blood cells respond to infection
All white bc & platelets
Which blood cells respond to allergic reactions
- eosinophils
- basophils
How are wbc activated in plasma
By pathogen
What are endocrine hormones secreted by and where are they secreted into
- specific endocrine glands
- into blood —> circulated to remote target
Give examples of endocrine hormones
- insulin (b cells in pan.)
- sex hormones
- vasopressin (posterior pituitary lobe)
- adrenaline (adrenal medulla)
What are platelets
Small anucleate blood cells that clump together
What is the blood coagulation pathway
Formation of thrombin & a fibrin clot
What is the progenitor that rbc come from
Multipotential haematopoietic stem cell
What are the two blood lineages
- myeloid
- lymphoid
What are the types of blood cells tat come from lymphoid
- B lymphocyte (plasma)
- T lymphocyte
- Natural killer cell (granola lymphocyte)
What are tej types of blood cells that come from myeloid
- monocytes (macrophages)
- eosinophils
- neutrophils
- basophils
- mast cell
- erythrocyte
- platelets (megakaryotes)
What does blood plasma contain
- components of blood coagulation
- immune fighting systems
- 55% of blood
What are blood plasma proteins
- albumin (60-70%) —> contributes to osmotic press. In blood, good transporter e.g fatty acids
- immunoglobulins —> fight infection
- fibrinogen clotting
What is hematocrit
% of blood made of RBCs
What is blood serum
- similar to plasma
- blood allowed to clot before centrifugion
What does plasma contain that serum doesn’t
Clotting factors
What determines the different blood groups
Antigens on the surface
What are the most significantly known blood systems
- ABO
- Rh
What does mixing incompatible blood groups lead to
- endogenous antibodies reacting with antigens on RBCs
What is AB and what is O
- universal recipient
- universal donor
What antigen does A have
- A antigens on RBCs and anti-B antibodies on plasma
What antigen does B have
- B antigens
- anti-A antibodies
What antigen does O have
- no antigens
- both antibodies
What antigens does AB have
- A & B antigens
- no antibodies
What does type A blood carry
- type A agglutinogens
- preformed antibodies
- Agglutinin B, against agglutinogens
What do agglutinins do
- Bind to agglutinogens not carried by host RBCs
- agglutination —> aggregation & lysis of incompatible RBCs
What is blood compatibility in terms of RBCs transfusion
- O universal donor
- AB universal recipient
What is blood compatibility in terms of plasma transfusion
- AB universal donor
- O universal recepient
What does acute haemolytic reaction (blood incompatibility) lead to
- haemolysis
- hypotension
- kidney failure
- DIC (bleeding)
What is Rhesus blood groups based on
Ion-channels on RBC membrane
What determines if someone is Rh +ve
Presence of Rh
Do RBCs carry Rh agglutinogens
No
When are agglutinins against Rh-+ve RBCs produced
When Rh-negative blood sees Rh-+ve RBCs
Explain haemolytic syndrome in foetus in first pregnancy, second pregnancy
- foetus protected by placenta
- mother not exposed to Rh agglutinogens until childbirth
- generation of anti-Rh agglutinins (after exposure to opposite Rh)
- antibodies cross placental barrier
- born with severe anaemia
What is treatment foe haemolytic syndrome
- use anti-Rh y globulin to make Rh agglutinogens
