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Biology > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

C Phase

A

cytokinesis

*cytoplasm divides creating 2 daughter cells

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2
Q

Mitosis Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes attach to microtubule

- centromeres align along the equatorial plane/plate

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3
Q

Mitosis Prophase

A
  • nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
  • centrioles form microtubules (spindle)
  • microtubules grow until attached to kinetochore
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4
Q

Mitosis Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids separate
  • microtubules are dismantled
  • pulls chromatids toward pole
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5
Q

M Phase

A
  • mitosis

- microtubular apparatus binds to chromosomes and moves them apart

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6
Q

S Phase

A
  • DNA replication occurs
  • 46 chromosomes become 92
    S= synthesis
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7
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • primary growth phase
  • majority of cell life
    G= growth
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8
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • preparation for cell division
  • replication of mitochondria
  • synthesis of microtubules
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9
Q

Meiosis II

A

separates the homologues into sister chromatids

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10
Q

Meiosis Prophase II

A

new spindle forms to attach to chromosome clusters

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11
Q

Meiosis Metaphase II

A

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

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12
Q

Meiosis Telophase II

A

nuclear envelope is reformed around each of the four sets of daughter chromosomes

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13
Q

Meiosis Telophase I

A

chromosomes gather at their respective poles to form two chromosome clusters

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14
Q

Meiosis Anaphase I

A

chromosome pairs separate and individual homologues move to each pole

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15
Q

Meiosis Metaphase I

A
  • orientation of homologous chromosome pairing is a matter of chance
  • independent assortment
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16
Q

Crossing Over

A

sections of chromosomes are swapped creating hybrid chromosomes
*look up image

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17
Q

Meiosis Prophase I

A
  • homologous chromosomes pair up

- crossing over occurs between two NONSISTER chromatids

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18
Q

Meiosis I

A
  • separates homologues in the homologous pair

- DNA is replicated

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19
Q

Homologues replicate forming ________.

A

sister chromatids

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20
Q

Centromere Location Chart

A

look up image

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21
Q

Karyotype

A

arrangement of chromosomes

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22
Q

Independent Assortment

A

each possible orientation of which homologue faces which cellular pole could have a different outcome of parental chromosomes

23
Q

Reduction Division

A
  • meiosis

- 1 diploid becomes 4 haploids

24
Q

Chromosomes are made of ____.

A

chromatids

25
Q

Animal Cytokinesis

A
  • actin filaments contract to form a cleavage furrow
26
Q

Purpose of Chromosomes

A

save space

organization

27
Q

Nucleosomes coil together to form _____.

A

chromosomes

28
Q

Histones

A
  • proteins that DNA wraps around

- positive charge

29
Q

Nucleosome

A

8 histones grouped together

30
Q

Most Eukaryotes have _____ chromosomes

A

10-50

31
Q

Mitosis

A

AKA: somatic cells
NON reproductive cells
identical!

32
Q

3 Mechanisms for Variety

A
  1. independent assortment
  2. crossing over
  3. random fertilization
33
Q

Condensation

A

in S phase of interphase, chromosomes begin to wind up tightly

34
Q

3 Phases of Mitosis Interphase

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
35
Q

3 Phases of Mitosis

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitosis
  3. cytokinesis
36
Q

Plant Cytokinesis

A
  • new cell wall is laid to divide daughter cell

- cell walls grow at angles to mitotic spindle called cell plate

37
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A
  • some cells never pass this point

- makes decision if cell enters S phase

38
Q

Mitosis Telophase

A
  • spindle is dismantled
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • chromosomes begin to uncondense
39
Q

Meiosis

A

AKA: germ cells
sex cells
NOT IDENTICAL

40
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

should cell enter mitosis

41
Q

Cancer

A
  • growth disorder of cells
  • cells grow uncontrollably
  • growing cluster of cells= tumor
42
Q

Simple Reproductive Cycle

A
  1. Replication
    * DNA copied
  2. Binary Fission
    * cell splits into 2 daughter cells
43
Q

Chromosome Number

A
  • varies among organisms

- nothing to do with complexity of organism

44
Q

Malignant Tumor

A
  • not encapsulated

- cells spread to other areas of the body (metastases)

45
Q

Binary Fission Steps

A
  1. when cell reaches appropriate size, cell splits into 2 equal halves
  2. new plasma membrane and cell wall are added between 2 DNA strands
  3. cell constricts into 2 daughter cells
46
Q

M Checkpoint

A
  • occurs during metaphase

- triggers exit of M phase and start of G1 phase

47
Q

Benign Tumor

A
  • surrounded by healthy layer of cells

- does not spread

48
Q

After meiosis I, a brief ____ occurs.

A

interphase

49
Q

Humans have __ chromosomes.

A

46 (23 pairs)

50
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

AKA: homologues, homologous pair

  • same traits, but information varies
  • diploid (2n)
51
Q

Centromere

A

joins sister chromatids together

52
Q

Gamete

A
  • reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
  • contain half of chromosomes found in somatic cells
  • haploid (n)
53
Q

Zygote

A

gametes joined together (fertilized egg)

*has two complete copies of each chromosome

54
Q

Prokaryote Replication Steps

A
  1. unzipping of double stranded DNA at the origin of replication
  2. new double helix formed
  3. cell has 2 complete copies of DNA

Biology (13 decks)

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