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Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • phosphate group
  • deoxyribose sugar
  • organic base (A,G,C,T)
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2
Q

2 Macromolecules in Chromosomes

A
  • proteins

- DNA

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3
Q

Griffith Experiment

A
  • Frederick Griffith 1928

- experimented with pathogenic bacteria

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4
Q

Virulent Strain

A
  • S form (smooth)
  • coated with polysaccharide capsule
  • killed mice
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5
Q

Non-Virulent Strain

A
  • R form (rough)
  • lacked capsule
  • mice alive
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6
Q

Griffith Experiment Cases

A 
#1 - live S = dead mouse
#2 - live R = alive mouse
#3 - heat killed S = alive mouse
#4 - live R killed S = dead mouse
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7
Q

Case #4 (Griffith Experiment)

A

live R took remains pieces of heat killed S and mutated

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8
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty Experiment

A
  • transforming principle was not reduced by removal of protein
  • concluded heredity material was DNA
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9
Q

Hershey-Chase Experiments

A

“nail in the coffin”

studied viruses that infect bacteria

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10
Q

Bacteriophage

A

host bacteria cell that virus invades

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11
Q

Virus Structure

A

look up image

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12
Q

Lytic Cycle

A
  1. virus lands on bacteriophage
  2. virus injects DNA
  3. viral DNA takes over and replicates
  4. new viruses form
  5. cell bursts to infect other cells
    * look up image
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13
Q

Key to Hershey-Chase Experiment

A
  • radioactive isotopes “tagges” DNA and protein
  • DNA tagged with 32P
  • protein tagged with 35S
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14
Q

Hershey-Chase Results

A
  • found 32P inside the infected bacteria

HAD to be DNA

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15
Q

DNA is made of _______.

A

nucleotides

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16
Q

Large Bases

A
  • purines
  • double ring structure
  • Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
17
Q

Small Bases

A
  • pyrimidines
  • single rings
  • Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)
18
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A
  • Edwin Chargaff
  • DNA molecules always have equal purines to pyrimidines
  • A=T
  • C=G
19
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A
  • xray defraction

- DNA has regular structure shaped like a corkscrew

20
Q

Francis Crick and James Watson

A

elaborated on Franklin and Chargaff that DNA is a double helix

21
Q

Base Pair

A

because purine of one strand binds to pyrimidine of other strand, DNA keeps constant thickness

22
Q

Complimentary Mirror Image

A
  • each DNA strand is a complimentary mirror image

- makes is possible for DNA to copy itself

23
Q

3 DNA Replications

A
  • conservative
  • semiconservative
  • dispersive
24
Q

Conservative Replication

A
  • 2 strands completely separate and act as template
  • original strands rejoin
  • look up image
25
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A
  • DNA unzips for template
  • one half of original strand stays in both new strand
  • look up image
26
Q

Dispersive Replication

A

original and new strand are dispersed among both new

*look up image

27
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A
  • tested 3 alternatives
  • used radioactive N isotopes to label DNA
  • DNA replication is semiconservative
28
Q

DNA Replication Enzymes

A
  • DNA polymerase
  • helicase
  • DNA ligase
29
Q

DNA Polymerase

A
  • builds DNA
  • adds correct complimentary nucleotide to growing daughter strand
  • can only add to existing and end
30
Q

Helicase

A
  • unzipper

- created replication fork

31
Q

DNA Ligase

A
  • superglue

- seals DNA fragments together

32
Q

Steps of DNA Replication

A
  1. direction (3 prime end, 5 prime end)
  2. phosphate backbone
  3. deoxyribose sugar
  4. nitrogenous bases w/ Chargoff’s rule
  5. hydrogen bonds
  6. 3 phosphates attach free floating nucleotide
33
Q

Replication Fork

A

a primer must first be added to give a place for DNA polymerase to start

34
Q

Leading Strand

A

from 3 prime lead, builds in a continuous fashion

35
Q

DNA only builds in _____ direction.

A

one

*builds 5 o 3 lead

36
Q

Lagging Strand

A
  • directionality is a problem
  • assembled in segments that are joined together
  • before segment come together, must get rid of primers
  • DNA ligase joins everything
37
Q

Lagging Strand Primer

A

okazagi fragment

38
Q

DNA Repair

A
  • comparing daughter strand to parent DNA to check for mistakes
  • proofreading is not perfect because mutations are possible

Biology (13 decks)

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