Media Children Flashcards
MDH Moderate Discrepancy Hypothesis
- Children are attracted to entertainment dat een beetje afwijkt van wat de denken, begrijpen en kunnen. Als het te veel afwijkt dat zijn ze hier niet meer in geïnteresseerd
Sensorimotor stage
Infants and toddlers
Visual development Sensorimotor stage
- blurred
Difficult to fixate on slow moving object s - Preference for faces with big eyes
- See colors -> bright colors with high contrast
Auditory skills Sensorimotor stage
- Like to hear human speech-> exaggerated tones, singsong
- Like to hear music
- About 4 months they have the ability to locate sounds
Sensorimotor stage and MEDIA
- Contrast
- Bright colors
- Human faces with big eyes
- Sounds, like baby talk, songs and funny noises
Emotional development sensorimotor stage
- Newborns can produce facial expression for intrest, distress, disgust, sadness, anger, and surprise
- Emotional regulation is limited
- Around 4 months the sociale smile emerges
Cognitive development sensorimotor stage
ATTENTION ^
- First year: attention is influenced by orienting reflex such as sudden and sounds and movements
- 1-2 years: attention is less influenced by novelty more by what is interesting and relevant
Cognitive development sensorimotor stage
Language
12 months= first words ( learn 2-3 words per week)
15-20 months= vocabulary spurt (20 word per week)
- verbal labelling important for language development
Cognitive development sensorimotor stage
Object permanence
Around 8 months of age
Schema
Mental template of knowledge about objects, people and situation
Help organize information and predict the outcome of situations
Schema linking to media preference
- shift in preference form salient (color, sounds) to non salient (content) features
- Story line is not necessary
- Slow space, lots of repetition
- Verbal labelling
Video deficit hypothesis
Children under the age of two learn vocabulary, imitate actions and find hidden objects more effectively from real life models than when the same content is presented via television or video
- 2D to 3D transformation
Preoperational stage
Beginning of symbolic understanding however no concrete logic
Egocentrisme
Reversibility
Perceptual boundedness
Centration
Egocentrism and media
Preoperational
The inability to separate own perspective from others
-> use only one perspective in media
Reversibility and media
Preoperational
Trouble with understanding transformation
-> no transformation in media
Perceptual boundedness and centration
Preoperational
Perceptual boundedness: appearance over behavior -> in media if a character is nice they must look nice
Centration: focusing on one striking feature, centration decreases with repetition-> children love repetition
Information processing capacities
Preoperational
- shifts form stimulus driven info-processing to schema- driven
4 years, script development-> organized set of schema
Semantic memory (grass is green)
Imaganition
Preopartional
Development of imagination
2 years: symbolic play-> banana is a telephone
4-5 years: elaborating play-> i am a superhero
In media they cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality
Imagination and media
Cartoon characters are just as ral as real life characters, they enjoy them very much
- special effects and stunts are very impressive, the seem magical
Emotional development
Preoperational stage
Learn more emotions, and understand were emotions come from
They need external cues to interpret emotions
Emotions to media
2-5 years are interested in emotions
But they need perceptual cues to understand them
Delaying gratification
Capacity to wait before performing a tempting activity or attains some highly desired outcome
Onder the age of 5 this is difficult, they cannot use strategies to delay gratification
Delayed gratification and media
Adverting is hard for kids to resist
- perceptual boundedness and centration combined with delay gratification makes advertising and entertainment with temptation have higher impact on younger kids
Gender and preopartional stage
18 months: prefer toys
2 years: boys prefer cars, girls prefer dolls
3 years: kids avoid toys that are perceived to belong to the opposite sex
5-8 years: rigid gender-specific preferences
Gender stereotypes theories
- hormones and genes determine our preference
- Social learning theory (boys get other attention)
- Kids get gender schemas
Early elementary schoolchildren
5-7 years
Transition period: from Preoperational phase to concrete operational stage
- children have acquired may scripts
- Attention span increases
- Centration decreases
Early emelentary schoolchildren changes
Fantasy-reality distinction improves
Gender-role awareness becomes very strong and rigid
Early elemtary schoolchildren and MEDIA
- Amoutn of media use increases, due to increased attention
- Decreased preference for simple characters, slow paces educations programs (spinach syndrome)
- Increased preference for action and adventure and violence
- Link dor binary characters (super feminime super masculine)
Why do children preference action packed media
- Increase in cognitive processing abilities
- Rebellion against restrictions -> wishful identification with superheroes
- Importance of peers and friends
Media use also influences development
- school readiness
Strong predictors of media preference are
Cognitive development
Social development
Reactive model of television viewing
Striking program features ( sound, rapid action and quick changes of scenery) influenced how closely children paired attention to educational broadcast.
Received lot of criticism
Intrest in tablets
Begins at three and five moths of age
- screen is high contrast
- baby apps (colorful, sounds)
- gives the toddler instant feedback (magical effect)
Video deficit
Children learn better form a real life model than from a model on a screen.
Both age groups still like
Sudden movement bevries it stimuluates the orienting reflex
