Language Development Flashcards
Language is
Symbolic and arbitrary
Displacement language
Met menselijke taal kan je het hebben over dingen buiten het hier en nu
Generativity
We can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas
Phonemes
Units of sounds
Smallest units of language
Morphemes
Smallest unit of meaning
Words but also word parts
Syntactic knowledge
Word order rules
Pragmatic knowledge
How to use language
Metalinguistic knowledge
Knowledge about language what is correct and what is incorrect
0- 12 month
Prelingual period
Vocalizing, babbling, protowords
1-2 jaar
First words telegraphic speech
6-5 jaar
Complex sentences, including grammatical morphemes
Until 8-10 months babies can
Babies can distinguish phonemes, irrespective of which language
Vocabulary spurt
Between 15-20 months
Fast mapping
Mechanism in which children map meanings onto words
Underextension
Bijvoorbeeld
Het woord auto wordt maar aan 1 bepaalde auto gekoppeld
Overextension
Bijvoorbeeld
Het wordt hond wordt ook aan andere dieren gekoppeld
Grammatical development
Early phase
Telegraphic phase
= language without grammatical morphemes
- doggy sleep, want ball, all gone
Grammatical development next phase
Productive grammatical system, demonstrated by growing sentences
Overregularizations
Putted in plaats van put
Weet dat in de verledentijd vaak ergens ED achterkomt, maar doet dit ook bij woorden waarbij dit niet hoort
Skinner theory language c
Children are tabula rasa and learning through stimulus-response
is not a special gift
Augustine theory language
A gift by god
Chomsky theory language
Children are born with innate language knowledge (universal grammar)
Nativist view Chomsky
- Grammar is not learned in a step by step manner, it is based on repeated exposure
- Acquisition, not learning
- Input is needed as a trigger to activate innate grammatical knowledge
Nativist view: Poverty of stimulus
Innate language knowledge is needed otherwise a child will not acquire grammer fast, effortlessly and correctly
Alternative view language development
Social mechanism, coupled with general learning mechanisms and rich input
Social learning
Prelingual children look at the gaze direction of their interlocutors= cue for the meaning of unknown words
Ook wel joint attention genoemd
Statistical learning
Extracting patterns from the input (can be phonological, morphological or syntactic patterns)
Machismo that facilitate word learning
Fast mapping, mutual exclusivity etc
Mechanisms that facilitate input processing
Phonolgical short term memory, attention
Individual differences
Internal (innate) and external (environmental)
Innate factors
- Developmental language disorder
- 22Q11 deletion syndrome
- Dyslexia
Critical period
Genetically encoded predetermined time window to learn something
Wanneer wordt het erg lastig om een taal te leren
Vanaf een jaar of 18
Causes of differences language development
Children with a smaller phonological short term memory have a smaller vocabulary size
Intervention
Step 1: make parents aware of their role
Step 2: Talk more, tune in, take turns
Intervention is promising but not sustainable
Cultural differences
Verschillen per cultuur
- in Piedmont praten ouders pas als hun kinderen gaan praten
- Quiche Mayan fluisteren ze alleen tegen hun babies
- Samoan ouders praten niet tegen hun kinderen en laten brusjes dit doen
Bilingualism
Is niet twee monolinguals in one person
Bilingual aspects
- Input to a bilingual child is divided over two languages
- Two languages both active in the bilingual Brian
Simultaneous bilinguals
Phonological and grammatical developments in two languages are relatively independent
- Timing is similar as in monolinguals
Vocabulary bilinguals
Smaller vocabulary in one language
- Input van woorden is verdeeld bijvoorbeeld alleen Nederlands op school en alleen Chinees thuis
Minority language
Language spoken by minority of people from the country they live in
Majority language
Nations dominant language, spoken majority of people, language of education and official media
Preschoolers in migrant families
Relative amount of input in each language predicts development in that language
Development in two languages
De second language krijgt over de tijd heen steeds meer dominatie
Transfer bilingual language
Effects of limited may be counteracted by effects of transfer between the two language
Benefits of bilingualism
- 1926 -> bilingualism lijdt tot mentale achterstand
- heden -> anders
Executive functions
- regulate actions and thought, used for flexible behavior and to adapt to current and changing goals and situations.
- Inhibiton, updating and shifting
Billingualism and executive function
- Bilinguals train inhibition because of suppression of inference form the other language, and in interactive settings they train attentional shifting, monitoring of cues and goals-> Brian training
Discussion executive functions
- Effect is vooral voor kinderen
- ## Niet alle studies vinden deze effecten
Comprehension
Understanding what others say
Production
With regard to language, speaking to others
generativity
refers to the idea that through the use of the finite set of words and morphemes in humans’ vocabulary, we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas
Semantic development
Knowledge of the meaning of certain expressions in a language
Syntax
Rules of language that specify how words of different categories (verbs nouns) can be combined
Left hemisphere
Dominant in language
Controls and Presents language related stimuli
Prosody
Perception of speech
Categorical speech
Perceive certain speech sounds beloning to a certain category
Voice onset time
The time between the moment that air passes through the lips and the moment that the vocal cords beging to vibrate
Babies and VOT
Babies can beter differentiate between speech sounds, which helps them learn any language
Word segmentation
Process of discovering in fluent speech, where the words begin and end
Distribution characteristics
Certain sounds occur more often than other sounds
Holophrastic period
Children only use one word at a time to make something clear
Collective monologues
Conversations between children who have nothing to talk to dacht other.
Talking through narratives
Discriptions of past events that the basis structure of a story
Modularity hypothesis
Brains of children contain an innate language model that is different from all other aspects of cognitive functioning
Connectionists
Information processing that emphasizes the equal activity of a number of pieces that are connected to each other
Phonological development
The mastery of the sound system of a child’s language
Syntactic development
The learning of the syntax of a language
Infant directed speech
Speak to a baby with
- emotion
- affection
- exaggeration
- slower and higher voice
mutual exclusivity
children expect that a given entity will have only one name
syntactic bootstrapping
the strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning
