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Brain, Development And Behavior > Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

Thema regarding development

A 
Nature vs nurture 
The role of the child 
Continuity and discontinuity  
Mechanisms of change 
The sociocultural context 
Individual differences
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2
Q

Theories of cognitive development

A

Piaget
Information processing
Core knowledge
Sociocultural

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3
Q

Piaget

A
  • Children are mentally active from birth
  • Mental and physical activity both contribute to their development
  • constructive approach ->children construct knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences
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4
Q

Piaget processes

A
  • generating hypotheses
  • performing experiments
  • draining conclusions from their observations

SCIENTIST

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5
Q

Piaget Nature Nurture

A

Interact together to produce cognitive development

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6
Q

Piaget continuity

A

Main sources of continuity are:
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration

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7
Q

assimilation:

A

the process by which a child incorporates incoming information into concepts they already know.

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8
Q

Accommodation:

A

people improve their current understanding based on new experiences

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9
Q

Equilibration

A

The process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

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10
Q

Stages of discontinues cognitive development PIAGET

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
Preoperational stage (2-7)
Concrete operational stage (7-12)
Formal operational stage (12>)

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11
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Sensor and motor abilities are used to explore the world

  • learn about objects and people, space, time and causaliteit
  • experience is largely in het hier en nu
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12
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Symbolic representation
Contraction
Egocentrism
Conservation concept

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13
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Logical reasoning improves

Limited to concreter things in here and now

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14
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Kinderen gaan abstract denken en hypothetical

- niet iedereen ka deze fase bereiken

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15
Q

Weakness Piaget theory

A
  • theory is vague about the mechanism that give rise to childrens thinking and produce cognitive growth
    Infants and young children zijn competenter dan Piaget dacht
  • in deze theory is er geen aandacht voor het sociale domein op de cognitieve ontwikkeling
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16
Q

Information proces theory

A

Cognitieve development occurs continuously

Small increments happen at different ages on different tasks.

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17
Q

Cognitive development arises from gradually surmounting processing limitations through

A

1: expanding the amount of information they can process at a time
2: increasing processing speed
3: acquiring new strategies and knowledge

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18
Q

The child is the problem solver Information processing theory

A

Problem solving: the process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle

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19
Q

Development of memory (information processing theory)

A

Working memory
Long term memory
Executive functioning

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20
Q

Working memory

A

Activity attending to, gathering, maintaining, storing, and processing information.
This is limited in both capacity and length of time information can be retrained.

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21
Q

Long term memory

A

Knowledge that people accumulate over their lifetime

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22
Q

Executive functioning

A

The controls of cognition

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23
Q

Development of memory how does it develop?

A
  • processing speed increases -> synaptogenesis & myelination
  • encoding -> more efficient
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24
Q

Basic processes development of memory

A

Associating, recognizing, recalling, generalizing

25
Q

Strategies development memory

A

Rehearsal, selective attention

26
Q

Development of problem solving

A
  • discover new strategies
  • more effective execution of strategies
  • more flexibel/adaptive choice of strategies
  • > improved planing abilities and problem solving
27
Q

Core knowledge theories

A

Children enter the world equipped with specialized learning mechanisms
- certain areas allow them to quickly and effortlessly acquire information of evolutionary importance

28
Q

Core knowledge theories domain specific

A
  • understanding and manipulating other peoples thinking
  • differentiating between living and nonliving things
  • identifying human faces
  • understanding cause-effects; language
29
Q

Nativism

A

The theory that infants have substantial innate knowledge of evolutionary important domains
- inanimate objects and their mechanical interactions, numbers, spatial layouts, minds of people and animals capable of goal directed actions.

30
Q

Example of nativism

A 
Language acquisition (Noam Chomsky) 
Rules of grammar are universally effortlessly learned (this is inborn)
31
Q

Constructivist

A

De theorie dat baby’s steeds geavanceerdere theorieën bouwen door rudimentaire aangeboren kennis te combineren met latere ervaringen.

32
Q

Evidence for child theories

A
  • children identify fundamental units for dividing relevant objects and events into a few basic categories
  • children explain many phenomena in terms of a few fundamental principles
  • children explain events in terms of unobservable causes.
33
Q

Example of constructivisme

A

Understanding of biology (verschil tussen mensen en dieren)

Preschoolers snappen broad biological principles zoals the need for food and water

34
Q

Sociocultural

A

Childrens developmetn is heavily dependent on the culture and the people surrounding them

35
Q

Lev Vygotksy Sociocultural

A

Children are social learners connected with others who help them gain skills and understanding

  1. Others help the child to understand and problem solve by instructions
  2. The child uses private speech to instruct himself
  3. Private speech goes underground and becomes internalized
36
Q

Sociocultural processes development

A

1: intersubjectivity
2: Joint attention
3: Social scaffolding

37
Q

Intersubjectiviteit

A

The mutual understanding that people share during communication

38
Q

Joint attention

A

Social partners focus on the same external object

39
Q

Social scaffolding

A

More competent person provides temporary framework to support thinking at a higher level-zone of proximal development

40
Q

Sociocultural theory

View of children

A
  • Kinderen willen de omgeving verkennen
  • Kinderen leren dmv problem solving
  • Anderen zijn belangrijk in de ontwikkeling van kinderen
  • De acties van kinderen vormen hun omgeving
41
Q

Self organization

A

Involves integrating attention, memory, emotions and actions to adapt to changing environment

42
Q

Symbolic representation:

A

the use of one object to stand for another

43
Q

Contraction:

A

only able to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature object

44
Q

Egocentrism:

A

perceiving the world solely from ones own point of view

45
Q

Conservation concept:

A

changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the proporties

46
Q

Equilibrium

A

People are satisfied with their understanding of a particular phenomenon.

47
Q

Disequilibrium

A

People recognize shortcomings in their understanding of the phenomenon, but they cannot generate a alternative.

48
Q

Qualitative change

A

Change in how children think in qualitatively different ways

49
Q

Broad applicability

A

The type of thinking characteristic of each stage influences Childress thinking across diverse topics and contexts.

50
Q

Brief transition

A

Before entering a new stage, children pass through a brief transitional period in which they fluctuate between the type of thinking characteristics of the new stage and old stage.

51
Q

Invariant sequence

A

Everyone progresses through the stages in the same order without skipping any of them.

52
Q

Object permanence

A

The now ledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view

53
Q

A not B error

A

Tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather then in the new location where it was last hidden.

54
Q

Deferred imitation

A

The repetition of other peoples behavior a substantial time after it originally occurred.

55
Q

Overlapping waves theory

A

An information processing approach that emphasizes the variability of children thinking.

56
Q

Core knowledge

What is the child?

A

Well adapted product of evolution

57
Q

Autobiographical memories

A

Memories of ones own experiences, including thought and emotions.

58
Q

Dynamic systems theories

A

A class of theories that focus on how change occurs over time in complex systems

Brain, Development And Behavior (11 decks)

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