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Brain, Development And Behavior > Learning > Flashcards

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1
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus.

  • Any kind of stimulus
  • Adaptive function
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2
Q

Habituation with infants

A

A way to learn what is new and what is not new for infants.

Wordt getest door te kijken hoelang een kind ergens naar kijkt

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3
Q

Learning

A

A change in behavior that results from past experience

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4
Q

Basic learning processes

A

Non associative learning

Associative learning

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5
Q

Non associative learning

A

Habituation

Sensitization

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6
Q

Associative learning

A

Classical conditionering

Operant/instrumental conditionering

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7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A response to something that already exists, before learning takes place

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that is already there

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9
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A new stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus that is associated to something

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

The amount of time that is needed for the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Extinction

A

The conditioned response will disappear

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13
Q

What increases the speed of acquisition

A

Intensity

Forward pairing

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14
Q

One trail learning

A 
Bijvoorbeeld 
Unconditioned stimulus: vomiting 
Unconditioned response: food aversion 
Conditioned stimulus: sushi 
Conditioned response: aversion of sushi
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15
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Stimulus similar to initial conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

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16
Q

Phobia

A

Type of anxiety disorder, defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation

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17
Q

Classical conditioning can be helpful

A
  • exposure therapy
  • aversion therapy
  • changing attitudes
18
Q

Limitations classical conditioning

A

Relies on a existing response
How do we learn new thing?
-> instrumental conditioning

19
Q

LAW of effect

A

A response followed by satisfying consequences will be more likely to occur

20
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it

21
Q

Reinforcement

A

A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

22
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Occurs when response is strengthened by subsequent presentation of stimulus

23
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Occurs when a response is strengthened by removal of aversive stimulus

24
Q

Punishment

A

Response is weaned by an outcome that follows

25
Q

Positive punishment

A

Occurs when a response is weakened by the presentation of a stimulus

26
Q

Negative punishment

A

Occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of a stimulus

27
Q

Observational learning

A

The process of learning by observing the behavior of others

28
Q

Cognitive abilities that are necessary for observational learning

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

29
Q

Perceptual learning

A

Learning door differentiation en affordances

30
Q

Differentiation

A

Is the extraction of the relationship that remains constant from the ever changing environment

Boos gezicht -> boos geluid

31
Q

Affordances

A

Hold the possibilities for actions through certain objects and situations

32
Q

Statistical learning

A

Simply picking up information form the environment

33
Q

Rational learning

A

The use of previous experiences to predict what will happen

34
Q

Violation of expectancy paradigms

A

Here the astonishment of a baby is looked at, when something unexpected outcomes arise

Rational learning

35
Q

Active learning

A

Learning through reacting to the world

36
Q

Behaviorism

A

Development is determined by the child’s social environment, via learning through conditioning

Little Albert

37
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A form of therapy based on classical conditioning in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli do eerst een negative respons lieten zien.

Voor phobia

38
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

inconsistent response to the behavior of another person—for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it

39
Q

Behavior modification

A

a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

40
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Bandura’s concept that child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment

41
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment

Brain, Development And Behavior (11 decks)

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