Learning Flashcards
Habituation
A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus.
- Any kind of stimulus
- Adaptive function
Habituation with infants
A way to learn what is new and what is not new for infants.
Wordt getest door te kijken hoelang een kind ergens naar kijkt
Learning
A change in behavior that results from past experience
Basic learning processes
Non associative learning
Associative learning
Non associative learning
Habituation
Sensitization
Associative learning
Classical conditionering
Operant/instrumental conditionering
Unconditioned response
A response to something that already exists, before learning takes place
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that is already there
Neutral stimulus
A new stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus that is associated to something
Acquisition
The amount of time that is needed for the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus
Extinction
The conditioned response will disappear
What increases the speed of acquisition
Intensity
Forward pairing
One trail learning
Bijvoorbeeld Unconditioned stimulus: vomiting Unconditioned response: food aversion Conditioned stimulus: sushi Conditioned response: aversion of sushi
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus similar to initial conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response
Phobia
Type of anxiety disorder, defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation
Classical conditioning can be helpful
- exposure therapy
- aversion therapy
- changing attitudes
Limitations classical conditioning
Relies on a existing response
How do we learn new thing?
-> instrumental conditioning
LAW of effect
A response followed by satisfying consequences will be more likely to occur
Operant conditioning
Type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it
Reinforcement
A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it
Positive reinforcement
Occurs when response is strengthened by subsequent presentation of stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened by removal of aversive stimulus
Punishment
Response is weaned by an outcome that follows
Positive punishment
Occurs when a response is weakened by the presentation of a stimulus
Negative punishment
Occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of a stimulus
Observational learning
The process of learning by observing the behavior of others
Cognitive abilities that are necessary for observational learning
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Perceptual learning
Learning door differentiation en affordances
Differentiation
Is the extraction of the relationship that remains constant from the ever changing environment
Boos gezicht -> boos geluid
Affordances
Hold the possibilities for actions through certain objects and situations
Statistical learning
Simply picking up information form the environment
Rational learning
The use of previous experiences to predict what will happen
Violation of expectancy paradigms
Here the astonishment of a baby is looked at, when something unexpected outcomes arise
Rational learning
Active learning
Learning through reacting to the world
Behaviorism
Development is determined by the child’s social environment, via learning through conditioning
Little Albert
Systematic desensitization
A form of therapy based on classical conditioning in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli do eerst een negative respons lieten zien.
Voor phobia
Intermittent reinforcement
inconsistent response to the behavior of another person—for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it
Behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s concept that child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment
Vicarious reinforcement
Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
