Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus.

• Any kind of stimulus
• Adaptive function

Question 2

Habituation with infants

Answer 2

A way to learn what is new and what is not new for infants.

Wordt getest door te kijken hoelang een kind ergens naar kijkt

Question 3

Learning

Answer 3

A change in behavior that results from past experience

Question 4

Basic learning processes

Answer 4

Non associative learning

Associative learning

Question 5

Non associative learning

Answer 5

Habituation

Sensitization

Question 6

Associative learning

Answer 6

Classical conditionering

Operant/instrumental conditionering

Question 7

Unconditioned response

Answer 7

A response to something that already exists, before learning takes place

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

A stimulus that is already there

Question 9

Neutral stimulus

Answer 9

A new stimulus

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

A neutral stimulus that is associated to something

Question 11

Acquisition

Answer 11

The amount of time that is needed for the neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

The conditioned response will disappear

Question 13

What increases the speed of acquisition

Answer 13

Intensity

Forward pairing

Question 14

One trail learning

Answer 14

Bijvoorbeeld 
Unconditioned stimulus: vomiting 
Unconditioned response: food aversion 
Conditioned stimulus: sushi 
Conditioned response: aversion of sushi

Question 15

Stimulus generalization

Answer 15

Stimulus similar to initial conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Question 16

Phobia

Answer 16

Type of anxiety disorder, defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation

Question 17

Classical conditioning can be helpful

Answer 17

• exposure therapy
• aversion therapy
• changing attitudes

Question 18

Limitations classical conditioning

Answer 18

Relies on a existing response
How do we learn new thing?
-> instrumental conditioning

Question 19

LAW of effect

Answer 19

A response followed by satisfying consequences will be more likely to occur

Question 20

Operant conditioning

Answer 20

Type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

Question 22

Positive reinforcement

Answer 22

Occurs when response is strengthened by subsequent presentation of stimulus

Question 23

Negative reinforcement

Answer 23

Occurs when a response is strengthened by removal of aversive stimulus

Question 24

Punishment

Answer 24

Response is weaned by an outcome that follows

Question 25

Positive punishment

Answer 25

Occurs when a response is weakened by the presentation of a stimulus

Question 26

Negative punishment

Answer 26

Occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of a stimulus

Question 27

Observational learning

Answer 27

The process of learning by observing the behavior of others

Question 28

Cognitive abilities that are necessary for observational learning

Answer 28

Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation

Question 29

Perceptual learning

Answer 29

Learning door differentiation en affordances

Question 30

Differentiation

Answer 30

Is the extraction of the relationship that remains constant from the ever changing environment Boos gezicht -> boos geluid

Question 31

Affordances

Answer 31

Hold the possibilities for actions through certain objects and situations

Question 32

Statistical learning

Answer 32

Simply picking up information form the environment

Question 33

Rational learning

Answer 33

The use of previous experiences to predict what will happen

Question 34

Violation of expectancy paradigms

Answer 34

Here the astonishment of a baby is looked at, when something unexpected outcomes arise Rational learning

Question 35

Active learning

Answer 35

Learning through reacting to the world

Question 36

Behaviorism

Answer 36

Development is determined by the child’s social environment, via learning through conditioning Little Albert

Question 37

Systematic desensitization

Answer 37

A form of therapy based on classical conditioning in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli do eerst een negative respons lieten zien. Voor phobia

Question 38

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 38

inconsistent response to the behavior of another person—for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it

Question 39

Behavior modification

Answer 39

a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

Question 40

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 40

Bandura’s concept that child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment

Question 41

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 41

Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment