medchem 11

Question 1

-the carbon in carbonyl compounds are — and linked to only – atoms
- the c=o is a – group so many reactions can occur
- h on alpha carbon is —- and reacts with —
- the carbon in the carbonyl group is — and reacts with —
- the oxygen in the crabonyl group is — and is more electronegative than —

Answer 1

• triagnontal carbons , 3 atoms
• polar
• slightly acidic reacting w/ base
• electrophilic reacting w/ nucleophile
• a nucleophile , carbon

Question 2

carbon nuclohpiles are – charged and oxygen and nitrogen are —

Answer 2

negatively charged
neutral

Question 3

— are slow without a catalyst in acid or base
—- can take place without a catalyst but are faster with — catalyst
— is more nucleophilic than —

Answer 3

• oxygen
• nitrogen , acid
• nitrogen is more nucleophilic than oxygen

Question 4

the reaction w/ oxygen nucleophiles are slow and the rate can be increased by:

Answer 4

• increasing the elxtrophility of carbonyl group by acid catalyst ( aka adding h+ ) by which it can then react w/ a alcohol bc its eletrcophilic enough
• increasing the nucleoephility of the alcohol by base catalyse

Question 5

reactions with alcohol: ( catalysed by h+)
- aldehyde and alcohols give

Answer 5

• hemicatal ( one ether group and one alcohol on the same crabon) and acetal( 2 ether groups on the same carbon ) if we add more alcohol

Question 6

hemicetal formation requires — catalyst
1- first step is the — of oxygen to make carbon more —
2- nucleophilic attack which is the —
3- renergation of the — and the formation of the hamiactetal

Answer 6

• h+ catalyst
• protonation , electrophilic
• rate determining step
• catalyst

Question 7

ketons react with alcohols to produce — and —

Answer 7

hemiketals and metals

Question 8

water like alcohol can react reversibility with carbonyl compound in the presence of — catalyst to produce —- and these can’t be — and they will lose the – to reform the carbonyl compound

Answer 8

• h+
• hydrate
• isolated ( they are very unstable )
• water

Question 9

carbonyl group + h20 produces –

Answer 9

hydrate

Question 10

is an example of stable hydrate

Answer 10

chloral hydrate and is used as sedative and for vets as narcotic and asnethetic for animals

Question 11

carbonyl reactions with nitrogen nucleophiles is called — and is followed by —

Answer 11

condensation reactions , elimination

Question 12

if r= alkyl/phenal ( as amines ch3-nh2 ) then product is =
if r= oh then the product is( as 0h-nh2) =
if r= nh2 or nor’( as: nh2-nh2) then the product is =
all of these reactions would be faster w/

Answer 12

= imine / schiff base
= oxime
= hydrazone( check the mechanism slide: 24)
- acid catalysts