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Theories of Personality > McCrae and Costa > Flashcards

McCrae and Costa Flashcards

1
Q

the total number of primary traits, both normal and pathological, that Cattell and his associates identified is about

A

35

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2
Q

Individuals who score high on ____ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional, and vulnerable

A

neuroticism

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3
Q

Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to

A

enduring traits

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4
Q

Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an ______ of gathering data

A

inductive method

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5
Q

In Cattell’s inductive method of research

A

no preexisting biases determine the collection of data

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6
Q

which biological mechanisms are rated as most influential on the basic tendencies?

A

genes, hormones, and brain structures

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7
Q

McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both ____ and _____ behavior

A

predict, explain

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8
Q

The trait ____ refers to people who are hardworking, self-disciplined, ambitious, and organized

A

conscientiousness

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9
Q

In the five-factor theory, behavior, in part, is predicted by three core components. which of the following is NOT a core component

A

external influences

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10
Q

Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as

A

ability

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11
Q

Costa and McCrae first solidified their long research collaboration as colleagues

A

at the National Institute on Aging’s Gerontology Research Center

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12
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects our understanding of the stability of personality

A

basic personality traits change very little beyond the age of thirty

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13
Q

which of Cattell’s media of observation could NOT be used with animals such as dogs or cats?

A

Q-data

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14
Q

Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions for a concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on

A

genetic factors and generating research

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15
Q

The advocates of the five-factor theory favor the ______ rotation of factor analysis

A

orthogonal

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16
Q

People who consistently seek out different and varied experiences would score high on

A

openness to experience

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17
Q

Trait theorists rely mostly on which method of identifying traits?

A

factor analysis

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18
Q

Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell’s

A

use of oblique (method) rotation

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19
Q

The five-factor model rates ____ as a trait that reflects an affectionate, active, fun-loving, and passionate person

A

extraversion

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20
Q

Cattell’s famous personality scale is called the ______

A

16 PF scale

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21
Q

Today, most researchers who study personality traits agree that __, and only __, and no fewer than ___ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques

A

5

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22
Q

In general, research testing the Five-factor model across cultures has revealed

A

that traits appear to be consistent in most countries of the world

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23
Q

the five factory theory rests on a single casual influence on personality traits. What is it?

A

biology

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24
Q

at present, most researchers who study personality traits favor the idea that ___ dominant traits emerge from the statistical techniques used to sift through volumes of test data

A

5

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25
Q

Research on traits and emotion tends to support the hypothesis that

A

people’s actions can subvert their predispositions to certain behaviors

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26
Q

McCrae and Costa agree with Eysenck that personality traits are ___ and follow the bell shaped curve

A

bipolar

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27
Q

the five factors have been found across cultures and show some permanence with

A

age

28
Q

the key, ideal factor that has allowed costa and McCrae to investigate the trait-structure of personality has been

A

the large, well-established datasets of adults at the NIH in baltimore

29
Q

the essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their ____ over time and situations

A

stability

30
Q

The concept of humanity embodied by the Factor and Trait theories is best described as

A

biological

31
Q

the major strength of the Factor and Trait approaches

A

is found in their ability to organize knowledge

32
Q

“A theory organizes findings to tell a coherent story, to bring into focus those issues and phenomena that can and should be explained” this quote can be attributed to

A

Costa and McCrae

33
Q

Characteristic adaptations differ from culture to culture because

A

they fluctuate over time and context, unlike basic tendencies, which are stable and enduring

34
Q

Traits generated through factor analysis may be either ___ or ___

A

unipolar; bipolar

35
Q

Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only ___ major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach

A

3

36
Q

According to Macrae and Costa, people high on this scale tend to be ordered, controlled, organized, and dishes, achievement focused, and self disciplined

A

C- conscientiousness

37
Q

According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, accepted, and good-natured. Low __ scorers are generally suspicious, stingy, unfriendly, irritable, and critical of other people

A

agreeableness

38
Q

According to Macrae and Costa, high __ scorers prefer variety in their life and are contrasted to low __ scores to have a need for closure and to gain comfort in their association with familiar people and things

A

openness

39
Q

According to McCrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable to stress related disorders. People with low scores on __ tend to have opposite characteristics

A

neuroticism

40
Q

According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be affectionate, jovial, talkative, a joiner, and fun loving, whereas low __ scorers tend to have opposing traits

A

E- extraversion

41
Q

The essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their ______ over time and situation.

A

stability

42
Q

Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell’s

A

use of oblique (method) rotation.

43
Q

In Cattell’s inductive method of research,

A

no preexisting biases determine the collection of data.

44
Q

Costa and McCrae first solidified their long research collaboration as colleagues

A

at the National Institutes on Aging’s Gerontology Research Center.

45
Q

People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be

A

good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting.

46
Q

Cattell attempted to measure human personality from three directions, using L data, Q data, and T data. Which of the following is an example of T data?

A

aptitude test scores

47
Q

Most of Costa and McCrae’s early research was focused on 3 main trait factors that included neuroticism, extraversion, and _________.

A

openness to experience

48
Q

Which of the following statements would NOT be generally acceptable to factor and trait theorists?

A

Personality traits are mostly determined by environmental factors.

49
Q

People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be

A

good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting.

50
Q

The Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality shares origins with Eysenck’s model in that

A

both rely on taxonomies to generate research.

51
Q

Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions for a concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on

A

genetic factors and generating research.

52
Q

Costa and McCrae (1996) summarize their trait model using a schematic drawing whereby peripheral components, comprised of causal, secondary influences on personality, are represented as

A

interconnecting lines.

53
Q

A _________ is a classification of things according to their natural relationships while a _______ can both predict and explain behavior.

A

taxonomy; theory

54
Q

Which term best describes the “acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environments”?

A

characteristic adaptations

55
Q

The principal difference between basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations is

A

their flexibility.

56
Q

The major strength of the Factor and Trait approaches

A

is found in their ability to organize knowledge.

57
Q

McCrae and Costa used the concept of personal myths to equate to which concept(s)?

A

distorted ego perceptions

58
Q

Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to _________.

A

enduring traits

59
Q

Using the NEO-PI (1992) personality inventory, Costa and McCrae revealed two additional trait dimensions. They are

A

agreeableness and conscientiousness.

60
Q

Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as ____________ traits.

A

ability

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of the four postulates for basic tendencies?

A

plasticity

62
Q

McCrae and Costa (1996) objected to earlier personality theories as over-relying on

A

clinical events and armchair speculation.

63
Q

People who score low on openness to experience tend to

A

show all of these characteristics in their personalities.

64
Q

Individuals who score high on ____________ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional and vulnerable to stress-related problems.

A

neuroticism

65
Q

According to Costa and McCrae, maladjustment occurs when

A

adaptive responses are inconsistent with personal goals or cultural values.

66
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the five trait factors in the Five-Factor model?

A

psychoticism

67
Q

Which of the following is not one of Eysenck’s criteria for identifying factors?

A

inductive method of investigation

(social relevance
psychometric evidence
heritability)

Theories of Personality (11 decks)

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