McCrae and Costa

Question 1

the total number of primary traits, both normal and pathological, that Cattell and his associates identified is about

Answer 1

35

Question 2

Individuals who score high on ____ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional, and vulnerable

Answer 2

neuroticism

Question 3

Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to

Answer 3

enduring traits

Question 4

Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an ______ of gathering data

Answer 4

inductive method

Question 5

In Cattell’s inductive method of research

Answer 5

no preexisting biases determine the collection of data

Question 6

which biological mechanisms are rated as most influential on the basic tendencies?

Answer 6

genes, hormones, and brain structures

Question 7

McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both ____ and _____ behavior

Answer 7

predict, explain

Question 8

The trait ____ refers to people who are hardworking, self-disciplined, ambitious, and organized

Answer 8

conscientiousness

Question 9

In the five-factor theory, behavior, in part, is predicted by three core components. which of the following is NOT a core component

Answer 9

external influences

Question 10

Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as

Answer 10

ability

Question 11

Costa and McCrae first solidified their long research collaboration as colleagues

Answer 11

at the National Institute on Aging’s Gerontology Research Center

Question 12

Which of the following statements best reflects our understanding of the stability of personality

Answer 12

basic personality traits change very little beyond the age of thirty

Question 13

which of Cattell’s media of observation could NOT be used with animals such as dogs or cats?

Answer 13

Q-data

Question 14

Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions for a concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on

Answer 14

genetic factors and generating research

Question 15

The advocates of the five-factor theory favor the ______ rotation of factor analysis

Answer 15

orthogonal

Question 16

People who consistently seek out different and varied experiences would score high on

Answer 16

openness to experience

Question 17

Trait theorists rely mostly on which method of identifying traits?

Answer 17

factor analysis

Question 18

Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell’s

Answer 18

use of oblique (method) rotation

Question 19

The five-factor model rates ____ as a trait that reflects an affectionate, active, fun-loving, and passionate person

Answer 19

extraversion

Question 20

Cattell’s famous personality scale is called the ______

Answer 20

16 PF scale

Question 21

Today, most researchers who study personality traits agree that __, and only __, and no fewer than ___ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques

Answer 21

5

Question 22

In general, research testing the Five-factor model across cultures has revealed

Answer 22

that traits appear to be consistent in most countries of the world

Question 23

the five factory theory rests on a single casual influence on personality traits. What is it?

Answer 23

biology

Question 24

at present, most researchers who study personality traits favor the idea that ___ dominant traits emerge from the statistical techniques used to sift through volumes of test data

Answer 24

5

Question 25

Research on traits and emotion tends to support the hypothesis that

Answer 25

people's actions can subvert their predispositions to certain behaviors

Question 26

McCrae and Costa agree with Eysenck that personality traits are ___ and follow the bell shaped curve

Answer 26

bipolar

Question 27

the five factors have been found across cultures and show some permanence with

Answer 27

age

Question 28

the key, ideal factor that has allowed costa and McCrae to investigate the trait-structure of personality has been

Answer 28

the large, well-established datasets of adults at the NIH in baltimore

Question 29

the essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their ____ over time and situations

Answer 29

stability

Question 30

The concept of humanity embodied by the Factor and Trait theories is best described as

Answer 30

biological

Question 31

the major strength of the Factor and Trait approaches

Answer 31

is found in their ability to organize knowledge

Question 32

"A theory organizes findings to tell a coherent story, to bring into focus those issues and phenomena that can and should be explained" this quote can be attributed to

Answer 32

Costa and McCrae

Question 33

Characteristic adaptations differ from culture to culture because

Answer 33

they fluctuate over time and context, unlike basic tendencies, which are stable and enduring

Question 34

Traits generated through factor analysis may be either ___ or ___

Answer 34

unipolar; bipolar

Question 35

Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only ___ major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach

Answer 35

3

Question 36

According to Macrae and Costa, people high on this scale tend to be ordered, controlled, organized, and dishes, achievement focused, and self disciplined

Answer 36

C- conscientiousness

Question 37

According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, accepted, and good-natured. Low __ scorers are generally suspicious, stingy, unfriendly, irritable, and critical of other people

Answer 37

agreeableness

Question 38

According to Macrae and Costa, high __ scorers prefer variety in their life and are contrasted to low __ scores to have a need for closure and to gain comfort in their association with familiar people and things

Answer 38

openness

Question 39

According to McCrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable to stress related disorders. People with low scores on __ tend to have opposite characteristics

Answer 39

neuroticism

Question 40

According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be affectionate, jovial, talkative, a joiner, and fun loving, whereas low __ scorers tend to have opposing traits

Answer 40

E- extraversion

Question 41

The essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their ______ over time and situation.

Answer 41

stability

Question 42

Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell's

Answer 42

use of oblique (method) rotation.

Question 43

In Cattell's inductive method of research,

Answer 43

no preexisting biases determine the collection of data.

Question 44

Costa and McCrae first solidified their long research collaboration as colleagues

Answer 44

at the National Institutes on Aging's Gerontology Research Center.

Question 45

People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be

Answer 45

good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting.

Question 46

Cattell attempted to measure human personality from three directions, using L data, Q data, and T data. Which of the following is an example of T data?

Answer 46

aptitude test scores

Question 47

Most of Costa and McCrae's early research was focused on 3 main trait factors that included neuroticism, extraversion, and _________.

Answer 47

openness to experience

Question 48

Which of the following statements would NOT be generally acceptable to factor and trait theorists?

Answer 48

Personality traits are mostly determined by environmental factors.

Question 49

People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be

Answer 49

good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting.

Question 50

The Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality shares origins with Eysenck's model in that

Answer 50

both rely on taxonomies to generate research.

Question 51

Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions for a concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on

Answer 51

genetic factors and generating research.

Question 52

Costa and McCrae (1996) summarize their trait model using a schematic drawing whereby peripheral components, comprised of causal, secondary influences on personality, are represented as

Answer 52

interconnecting lines.

Question 53

A _________ is a classification of things according to their natural relationships while a _______ can both predict and explain behavior.

Answer 53

taxonomy; theory

Question 54

Which term best describes the "acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environments"?

Answer 54

characteristic adaptations

Question 55

The principal difference between basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations is

Answer 55

their flexibility.

Question 56

The major strength of the Factor and Trait approaches

Answer 56

is found in their ability to organize knowledge.

Question 57

McCrae and Costa used the concept of personal myths to equate to which concept(s)?

Answer 57

distorted ego perceptions

Question 58

Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to _________.

Answer 58

enduring traits

Question 59

Using the NEO-PI (1992) personality inventory, Costa and McCrae revealed two additional trait dimensions. They are

Answer 59

agreeableness and conscientiousness.

Question 60

Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as ____________ traits.

Answer 60

ability

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT an example of the four postulates for basic tendencies?

Answer 61

plasticity

Question 62

McCrae and Costa (1996) objected to earlier personality theories as over-relying on

Answer 62

clinical events and armchair speculation.

Question 63

People who score low on openness to experience tend to

Answer 63

show all of these characteristics in their personalities.

Question 64

Individuals who score high on ____________ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional and vulnerable to stress-related problems.

Answer 64

neuroticism

Question 65

According to Costa and McCrae, maladjustment occurs when

Answer 65

adaptive responses are inconsistent with personal goals or cultural values.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT one of the five trait factors in the Five-Factor model?

Answer 66

psychoticism

Question 67

Which of the following is not one of Eysenck's criteria for identifying factors?

Answer 67

inductive method of investigation (social relevance psychometric evidence heritability)