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Marine Biology > Marine Mammals > Flashcards

Marine Mammals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are all species of turtles endangered or threatened

A

Yes

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2
Q

Both designations of endangered and threatened give these species under protection from

A

Endangered species act

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3
Q

How many species of sea turtles today, green sea turtles has which two types

A

7 or 8

Pacific or Atlantic

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4
Q

Four types of marine reptiles

A

Sea turtles sea snakes marine iguana saltwater crocodile

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5
Q

What is the upper shell and lower shell called respectively ?, ribs are … In size and …to the shell, do sea turtles have teeth?, how do they regulate body temperature

A

Carapace, plastron
Expanded, fused
No
Poikilothermic and ectothermic

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6
Q

What happens to the leatherback sea turtle and why when dealing with body temperature

A

Several degrees above ambient water temp. Because of how large it is

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7
Q

Where do sea turtles breed?, what kind of fertilization, can females store sperm?, one clutch can have ?

A

At sea
Internal
Yes
Multiple paternity

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8
Q

How often do female sea turtles breed , during breeding year how many clutches of eggs can they lay, how many eggs in one clutch and how many survive

A

2-4 years
Up to 7
120
1%

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9
Q

What is the incubation period for sea turtle eggs , what do warmer and colder temperatures do to sea turtle eggs development

A

60 days 2 months
Warmer=faster
Colder=slower

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10
Q

Temp. Dependent sex determination

A

There is a pivotal temp. That will produce 50% male and 50% female
Higher than that pivotal temp. Will produce females and lower than that temp. Will produce males

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11
Q

Smallest of the sea turtles , one nesting site in ?, who protects and why

A

Kemps Ridley
Rancho Nuevo, Mexico
Us and Mexican govt. wildlife protect because of endangerment

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12
Q

What is the only vegetarian sea turtle , why are they nesting as far as North Carolina now, first report? And what is wrong with these reports

A

The green sea turtle
Temperature change
1950 and 1980
Confirmation bias

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13
Q

How big is the leatherback sea turtle , what is the tropical species

A

6ft-9 ft and 1000 pounds

Hawksbill

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14
Q

How many species of sea snakes and where are they not located? What kind of body and tail, and how long

A

55
Atlantic (in Indian and pacific tho)
Laterally flattened body with paddle tail
3-4ft

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15
Q

Where do sea snakes breed and what type of birth? Where do they sometimes return to lay eggs?, can bites be fatal and why? Are they known to be aggressive? What do they eat

A 
At sea
Ovoviviparous 
Land 
Yes because they are related to the cobra 
No
Carnivorous: fish
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16
Q

Saltwater crocodiles are found where?, they reach over how many feet?, what is the difference between it and an alligator, but they are aggressive?

A 
Indian, western pacific islands 
Mangroves, estuaries, rivers, and open ocean though rare
Over 20 ft
Not a secretive species 
Hunters
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17
Q

Where do marine iguanas live, how do they eat, what are unique traits , why do they have a blunt nose

A 
Galapagos island 
Dive and feed on sea grass near shore 
Sharp claws to dig into rocks 
Large males gain enough body heat to go to bottom 
To graze on rocks
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18
Q

How are seabirds similar to mammals when it comes to body heat?, what are their feathers coated with ?, what kind of egg

A

Maintain constant body temp. By metabolic means
Oil
Hard shelled

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19
Q

What south Florida birds have no oil

A

Anhinga

Cormorant

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20
Q

Many species of seabirds are colonial nesters, give an example

A

Penguins 2 mill.

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21
Q

Are some seabirds monogamous and have one partner for life ?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Penguins are what kind of bird, what is their wing modified into, what do penguins spend a long time doing, where do they mainly live, males and females share what responsibility ?

A

Flightless, flipper like structure
In marine environment searching for prey
Antarctica
Parenting

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23
Q 
Characteristics of mammals
# of species
Skin possesses ?
What type of body temp. Regulation
Mostly ...birth
What kind of glands ?
Brain size ?
Sexually.....
A 
4600
Hair
Homeothermic
Viviparous
Mammary 
Larger in relation to body 
Dimorphic
24
Q

Pinnipeda examples

A

Seals sea lions walruses

25
Q

Carnivora

A

Sea otter and polar bear

26
Q

Sirenia

A

Dugong and manatees

27
Q

Cetacea

A

Whales Dolphins porpoises

28
Q

Differences between seals and sea lions

A

Sea lions have external ear where seals don’t
Sea lions can rotate rear limbs for better locomotion (posterior flipper moved forward and anterior rotated back)
Seals use posterior flipper for swimming sea lions use anterior

29
Q

How many species of seals, temp. Of water, which seal is an exception to the type of water they like (explain the areas where they are endangered)

A

19
Cold or cool
Monk seal likes warmer, Hawaiian and Mediterranean endangered
Caribbean monk possibly extinct because not seen since 1950

30
Q

Seals diet, lifespan and range

A

Fish, shellfish, Cephalopoda
Varies: 45 in ringed and 14 in elephant male
Coastlines and ice fronts throughout the world except Indian Ocean

31
Q

Lion/fur seals description,size and weight

A

Fusiform body with small tail , limbs are flattened , blunt nose and whiskers
3.6-10.8 feet (110-130cm)
47-2,205 pounds

32
Q

Sea lions/fur seals: sexual maturity, life span, range, habitat

A

Male:4-6 years female:4
15-25 rarely exceeds 30
Northeastern Asia, western North America, South America, Southern Africa, southern Australia, New Zealand and other southern islands
Coastal areas, shallow water, abundant food resources

33
Q

Walrus description , specifically head region, are they able to rotate hind flippers? Adult males have longer and stouter ?

A

Lack external ear flaps , hundreds of vibrissae (whiskers) both males and females have large tusks
Yes under pelvic girdle to walk on all fours
Tusks

34
Q

Size of walruses and their diet , sexual maturity

A

Male: 9-12 female: 7.5-10
Molluscs, benthic invertebrates, prey upon seals especially bearded and ringed
Male:8-10 female:5-6
Not successful until 15 , normally dominant male gets all the ladies

35
Q

Sea otters size, and weight

A

Alaskan bigger than Californian
Average size is 4 ft in Californian male
In Alaskan it is 58 in.
Up to 85 pounds

36
Q

Why do sea otters eat so much and what do they eat?, gestation, explain the esteral period

A

Metabolic rate much higher than mammals their size eat up to 20 lbs per day
Sea urchin, abalone, crabs, clams , mussels, octopus
4-9 months average of 6
Reproductive cycle is 12 months and if pup doesn’t survive mother may experience postpartum estrus

37
Q

Life span and range of sea otters

A

10-15 years

Eastern North Pacific Ocean

38
Q

Polar bear description, size and weight , what are the males called

A

Translucent fur, largest land carnivore, black skin
8.2-9.8 , 6.6-8.2
772-1433
Boar

39
Q

Polar bear life span, range and population

A

15-18 some over 30
Circumpolar Arctic
21,500-25,000

40
Q

Trichecus Manatus is the…. Manatee? What are the two subspecies? How are they distinguished

A

West Indian
Florida and antillean
Cranial measurements and geographic distribution

41
Q

Manatee description

A

Streamlined body , paddle shaped tail, true gray color

Algae may grow on skin

42
Q

Manatee size and weight

A

10 ft, large may reach up to 13 ft
800-1200
Large Florida weighed in at 3650

43
Q

Did the order Cetacea migrate into the ocean? Fore limbs are modified into?, fin like tail is known as a ?, where are nostrils located and what are they called

A

Yes
Flippers
Fluke
On the top of the head as a single or double blowhole

44
Q

Two suborder of Cetacea, what is the difference , which are bigger

A

Odontocetes -toothed, single blowhole
Mysticete- baleen , double blowhole

Baleen much larger than tooth
85 ft.
Vs.20 ft

45
Q

How does a baleen eat its food

A

It traps the food and pushes the water back out

46
Q

How can a whale be identified

A

Fluke shape, blow pattern or side view

47
Q

Toothed whales are named for, what kind of teeth do porpoises have

A

Their leg like teeth that are comical and interlocking

Spade shaped

48
Q

Toothed whales include

A

Dolphins, porpoises, belugas, narwhals, Sperm whales, killer whales, river dolphins beaked whales

49
Q

What is apnuestic breathing, how much element of oxygen do lungs remove compared to humans, what kind of tissue helps the lungs expand, marine mammals have more…. Than non diving animals for their size

A

Rapid breathing prior to dive
90%, 20%
Elastic
Blood , (more hemoglobin)

50
Q

Muscles contain more?, the heart rate slowing dramatically is called?, blood flow is reduced to?, muscles employ….respiration as necessary which results in?, marine mammals can tolerate more?, ribs and lungs do what to force air into tissues and prevent what?

A 
Myoglobin
Bradycardia
Extremities
Anaerobic, lactic build up
Lactic acid
Collapse decompression sickness
51
Q

What directs outgoing waves?, after an echo strikes the object it does what?, what are the echoes received back by?, the longer it takes the echo to return means what

A

Melon
Reflects back
Lower jaw and melon
The farther away it is

52
Q

Marine mammals are known well for ? Like the …of sea lions and … Of humpback whale

A

Vocalization

Braking
Song

53
Q

Why do mammals breach

A

Remove parasites, fun, warning signal, avoid suitors

54
Q

Marine mammals holding their bodies out of the water is known as what?

A

Spy hopping

55
Q

Marine mammals are known for their?, what is the longest one and what animal

A

Migration

11,000 miles, gray whale

56
Q

Fertilization is internal via:
Copulation occurs on land for… Where males compete for?
What is delayed implantation

A

Copulation
Pinnipeds, harem
Allows the calf to be born at the time that is the best for the survival of it

57
Q

Gestation varies in marine mammals normally how many months for cetaceans, calves are born what first and attached to what so that they can be forced to the surface to take first breath

A

11-12 months
Tail
Placenta

Marine Biology (16 decks)

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