Marine Mammals Flashcards
Are all species of turtles endangered or threatened
Yes
Both designations of endangered and threatened give these species under protection from
Endangered species act
How many species of sea turtles today, green sea turtles has which two types
7 or 8
Pacific or Atlantic
Four types of marine reptiles
Sea turtles sea snakes marine iguana saltwater crocodile
What is the upper shell and lower shell called respectively ?, ribs are … In size and …to the shell, do sea turtles have teeth?, how do they regulate body temperature
Carapace, plastron
Expanded, fused
No
Poikilothermic and ectothermic
What happens to the leatherback sea turtle and why when dealing with body temperature
Several degrees above ambient water temp. Because of how large it is
Where do sea turtles breed?, what kind of fertilization, can females store sperm?, one clutch can have ?
At sea
Internal
Yes
Multiple paternity
How often do female sea turtles breed , during breeding year how many clutches of eggs can they lay, how many eggs in one clutch and how many survive
2-4 years
Up to 7
120
1%
What is the incubation period for sea turtle eggs , what do warmer and colder temperatures do to sea turtle eggs development
60 days 2 months
Warmer=faster
Colder=slower
Temp. Dependent sex determination
There is a pivotal temp. That will produce 50% male and 50% female
Higher than that pivotal temp. Will produce females and lower than that temp. Will produce males
Smallest of the sea turtles , one nesting site in ?, who protects and why
Kemps Ridley
Rancho Nuevo, Mexico
Us and Mexican govt. wildlife protect because of endangerment
What is the only vegetarian sea turtle , why are they nesting as far as North Carolina now, first report? And what is wrong with these reports
The green sea turtle
Temperature change
1950 and 1980
Confirmation bias
How big is the leatherback sea turtle , what is the tropical species
6ft-9 ft and 1000 pounds
Hawksbill
How many species of sea snakes and where are they not located? What kind of body and tail, and how long
55
Atlantic (in Indian and pacific tho)
Laterally flattened body with paddle tail
3-4ft
Where do sea snakes breed and what type of birth? Where do they sometimes return to lay eggs?, can bites be fatal and why? Are they known to be aggressive? What do they eat
At sea Ovoviviparous Land Yes because they are related to the cobra No Carnivorous: fish
Saltwater crocodiles are found where?, they reach over how many feet?, what is the difference between it and an alligator, but they are aggressive?
Indian, western pacific islands Mangroves, estuaries, rivers, and open ocean though rare Over 20 ft Not a secretive species Hunters
Where do marine iguanas live, how do they eat, what are unique traits , why do they have a blunt nose
Galapagos island Dive and feed on sea grass near shore Sharp claws to dig into rocks Large males gain enough body heat to go to bottom To graze on rocks
How are seabirds similar to mammals when it comes to body heat?, what are their feathers coated with ?, what kind of egg
Maintain constant body temp. By metabolic means
Oil
Hard shelled
What south Florida birds have no oil
Anhinga
Cormorant
Many species of seabirds are colonial nesters, give an example
Penguins 2 mill.
Are some seabirds monogamous and have one partner for life ?
Yes
Penguins are what kind of bird, what is their wing modified into, what do penguins spend a long time doing, where do they mainly live, males and females share what responsibility ?
Flightless, flipper like structure
In marine environment searching for prey
Antarctica
Parenting
Characteristics of mammals # of species Skin possesses ? What type of body temp. Regulation Mostly ...birth What kind of glands ? Brain size ? Sexually.....
4600 Hair Homeothermic Viviparous Mammary Larger in relation to body Dimorphic
Pinnipeda examples
Seals sea lions walruses
Carnivora
Sea otter and polar bear
Sirenia
Dugong and manatees
Cetacea
Whales Dolphins porpoises
Differences between seals and sea lions
Sea lions have external ear where seals don’t
Sea lions can rotate rear limbs for better locomotion (posterior flipper moved forward and anterior rotated back)
Seals use posterior flipper for swimming sea lions use anterior
How many species of seals, temp. Of water, which seal is an exception to the type of water they like (explain the areas where they are endangered)
19
Cold or cool
Monk seal likes warmer, Hawaiian and Mediterranean endangered
Caribbean monk possibly extinct because not seen since 1950
Seals diet, lifespan and range
Fish, shellfish, Cephalopoda
Varies: 45 in ringed and 14 in elephant male
Coastlines and ice fronts throughout the world except Indian Ocean
Lion/fur seals description,size and weight
Fusiform body with small tail , limbs are flattened , blunt nose and whiskers
3.6-10.8 feet (110-130cm)
47-2,205 pounds
Sea lions/fur seals: sexual maturity, life span, range, habitat
Male:4-6 years female:4
15-25 rarely exceeds 30
Northeastern Asia, western North America, South America, Southern Africa, southern Australia, New Zealand and other southern islands
Coastal areas, shallow water, abundant food resources
Walrus description , specifically head region, are they able to rotate hind flippers? Adult males have longer and stouter ?
Lack external ear flaps , hundreds of vibrissae (whiskers) both males and females have large tusks
Yes under pelvic girdle to walk on all fours
Tusks
Size of walruses and their diet , sexual maturity
Male: 9-12 female: 7.5-10
Molluscs, benthic invertebrates, prey upon seals especially bearded and ringed
Male:8-10 female:5-6
Not successful until 15 , normally dominant male gets all the ladies
Sea otters size, and weight
Alaskan bigger than Californian
Average size is 4 ft in Californian male
In Alaskan it is 58 in.
Up to 85 pounds
Why do sea otters eat so much and what do they eat?, gestation, explain the esteral period
Metabolic rate much higher than mammals their size eat up to 20 lbs per day
Sea urchin, abalone, crabs, clams , mussels, octopus
4-9 months average of 6
Reproductive cycle is 12 months and if pup doesn’t survive mother may experience postpartum estrus
Life span and range of sea otters
10-15 years
Eastern North Pacific Ocean
Polar bear description, size and weight , what are the males called
Translucent fur, largest land carnivore, black skin
8.2-9.8 , 6.6-8.2
772-1433
Boar
Polar bear life span, range and population
15-18 some over 30
Circumpolar Arctic
21,500-25,000
Trichecus Manatus is the…. Manatee? What are the two subspecies? How are they distinguished
West Indian
Florida and antillean
Cranial measurements and geographic distribution
Manatee description
Streamlined body , paddle shaped tail, true gray color
Algae may grow on skin
Manatee size and weight
10 ft, large may reach up to 13 ft
800-1200
Large Florida weighed in at 3650
Did the order Cetacea migrate into the ocean? Fore limbs are modified into?, fin like tail is known as a ?, where are nostrils located and what are they called
Yes
Flippers
Fluke
On the top of the head as a single or double blowhole
Two suborder of Cetacea, what is the difference , which are bigger
Odontocetes -toothed, single blowhole
Mysticete- baleen , double blowhole
Baleen much larger than tooth
85 ft.
Vs.20 ft
How does a baleen eat its food
It traps the food and pushes the water back out
How can a whale be identified
Fluke shape, blow pattern or side view
Toothed whales are named for, what kind of teeth do porpoises have
Their leg like teeth that are comical and interlocking
Spade shaped
Toothed whales include
Dolphins, porpoises, belugas, narwhals, Sperm whales, killer whales, river dolphins beaked whales
What is apnuestic breathing, how much element of oxygen do lungs remove compared to humans, what kind of tissue helps the lungs expand, marine mammals have more…. Than non diving animals for their size
Rapid breathing prior to dive
90%, 20%
Elastic
Blood , (more hemoglobin)
Muscles contain more?, the heart rate slowing dramatically is called?, blood flow is reduced to?, muscles employ….respiration as necessary which results in?, marine mammals can tolerate more?, ribs and lungs do what to force air into tissues and prevent what?
Myoglobin Bradycardia Extremities Anaerobic, lactic build up Lactic acid Collapse decompression sickness
What directs outgoing waves?, after an echo strikes the object it does what?, what are the echoes received back by?, the longer it takes the echo to return means what
Melon
Reflects back
Lower jaw and melon
The farther away it is
Marine mammals are known well for ? Like the …of sea lions and … Of humpback whale
Vocalization
Braking
Song
Why do mammals breach
Remove parasites, fun, warning signal, avoid suitors
Marine mammals holding their bodies out of the water is known as what?
Spy hopping
Marine mammals are known for their?, what is the longest one and what animal
Migration
11,000 miles, gray whale
Fertilization is internal via:
Copulation occurs on land for… Where males compete for?
What is delayed implantation
Copulation
Pinnipeds, harem
Allows the calf to be born at the time that is the best for the survival of it
Gestation varies in marine mammals normally how many months for cetaceans, calves are born what first and attached to what so that they can be forced to the surface to take first breath
11-12 months
Tail
Placenta
