Chapter 10 Flashcards
What does ecology effect
Interactions and distribution
Definition of community
All populations of an organism living in a Defined territory
Habitat
The physical place where an organism lives
Niches
Resources, biotic and abiotic, an organism uses for survival, growth and reproduction
Population demand specific what to survive ?, when do these things affect the population ?, what are they called
Resources
When they are in short supply
Limiting resources
Limiting resources include but are not limited to
Light Nutrients Space (habitat) Oxygen and a carbon dioxide Inorganic compounds
Even if open organism can obtain a limiting resources there is still a ? That any habitat can support. This is known as?, as population becomes more crowded growth rate will ?
Maximum number of organisms
Tarring capacity
Decrease
Population when unchecked leads to ?
Exponential growth
Three ways species interact
Competition
Symbiosis- work with each other
Predator prey interactions -eat each other
Competition occurs when organisms have to fight with each other over ? What are two types of competition ?
Limiting resources
Intraspecific- within species
Inter specific- other species
An organisms can use a resource at the … Of another organisms which results in what? Poorer competitions then?
Expense
Reduced ability to survive or reproduce
Die out
Possible outcomes of inter specific competition?
One individual excludes the other -principle of competitive solution
They coexist- resource partitioning
Fundamental niche v. Realized niche , which one may be different and why
All resources a species is capable of using
All the resources a species actually uses in a community
Realized niche because of interactions with competitors
Resource partitioning , this can lead to what?
Competition species may coexist if they use the same resources in a different way or at a different time
Reduction in individual populations
Three types of symbiosis
Mutualism: both species benefit
Commensalism p: one species benefits with no apparent affect on the other
Parasitism: one species benefits and harms the other
Definition of ecology
Interaction between organisms and their environment
A symbiotic relationship where they can survive without each other is , they cannot survive without one another. S,Allen is knows as and larger is knows as
Facultative symbiosis
Obligate symbiosis
Symbionts, host
Prey have adaptations that help them not getting eating are
Mimicry
Camouflage
Warning coloration
Benthos Sessile Nekton Pelagic Plankton
This that live on the bottom Those that are attached to the bottom Those that swim well enough oppose currents Those that live up in the water column Those that swim weakly or not at all
Two types of plankton
Phytoplankton zooplankton
What zones are benthic animals divided by
Depth of the benthic zones
Intertidal - between high and low tide (exposed once a day and give in NC)
Subtidal - always submerged below low tide level
All ecosystems require a constant ? Chemicals and nutrient are.. In an ecosystem
Input of energy
Cycled
How does energy flow through an ecosystem ?, what is this determined by
From non-living to living between organisms and back Trophic structure (relates to feeding )
Is all of the energy stored by individuals at one Trophic level available to the next ? How much is transferred to the next level
No energy needs take up most of the energy created or consumed
10% (5-20)
Food chains rarely extend beyond four Trophic levels except in the ocean Community why?
There is more biomass at the bottom- primary producer level
System can support more secondary consumers
What is gross primary production , what is net primary production
Total amount of primary production
Organic matter left over after primary producers meet their own needs (base)
What is standing stock
Total amount of phytoplankton in the water
What is required for primary producers to create organic molecules
Carbon dioxide
What else is needed for organic compounds and must be cycled through the ecosystem , nitrogen is fixed by what , what is the most important form
Phosphorus and nitrogen
Cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea
Nitrate
Phosphorus enters through what
Rivers as phosphate
Certain elements or compounds taken up by organisms cannot?, what happens as a result?, what are some examples
Metabolized or excreted
They bioaccumulate and each toxic levels
Heavy metals, non biodegradable pesticides, toxins produced by organisms
What is biomagnification
When the effects of bio accumulated materials are magnified through the food we
Pelagic zone can be divided into what zones
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, hadopelagic
Epipelagic- extends from? Plenty of sunlight available for
Waters surface to 200 m, primary production
Mesopelagic - extends from ? Sunlight is ? Sometimes referred to as ?
Lower limit of epipelagic to about 1000 m
Not plentiful however research shows some primary production occurs but very reduced
Bathy, abysso, hado- are what zones ? Extend how far down
Deep sea
Bathy-4,000
Abysso-6,000
Hado- in trenches : anything below 6,000
Where do they feed ?
I’m bathy
