Chapter 10

Question 1

What does ecology effect

Answer 1

Interactions and distribution

Question 2

Definition of community

Answer 2

All populations of an organism living in a Defined territory

Question 3

Habitat

Answer 3

The physical place where an organism lives

Question 4

Niches

Answer 4

Resources, biotic and abiotic, an organism uses for survival, growth and reproduction

Question 5

Population demand specific what to survive ?, when do these things affect the population ?, what are they called

Answer 5

Resources
When they are in short supply
Limiting resources

Question 6

Limiting resources include but are not limited to

Answer 6

Light
Nutrients 
Space (habitat)
Oxygen and a carbon dioxide
Inorganic compounds

Question 7

Even if open organism can obtain a limiting resources there is still a ? That any habitat can support. This is known as?, as population becomes more crowded growth rate will ?

Answer 7

Maximum number of organisms
Tarring capacity
Decrease

Question 8

Population when unchecked leads to ?

Answer 8

Exponential growth

Question 9

Three ways species interact

Answer 9

Competition
Symbiosis- work with each other
Predator prey interactions -eat each other

Question 10

Competition occurs when organisms have to fight with each other over ? What are two types of competition ?

Answer 10

Limiting resources
Intraspecific- within species
Inter specific- other species

Question 11

An organisms can use a resource at the … Of another organisms which results in what? Poorer competitions then?

Answer 11

Expense
Reduced ability to survive or reproduce
Die out

Question 12

Possible outcomes of inter specific competition?

Answer 12

One individual excludes the other -principle of competitive solution
They coexist- resource partitioning

Question 13

Fundamental niche v. Realized niche , which one may be different and why

Answer 13

All resources a species is capable of using
All the resources a species actually uses in a community
Realized niche because of interactions with competitors

Question 14

Resource partitioning , this can lead to what?

Answer 14

Competition species may coexist if they use the same resources in a different way or at a different time
Reduction in individual populations

Question 15

Three types of symbiosis

Answer 15

Mutualism: both species benefit
Commensalism p: one species benefits with no apparent affect on the other
Parasitism: one species benefits and harms the other

Question 16

Definition of ecology

Answer 16

Interaction between organisms and their environment

Question 17

A symbiotic relationship where they can survive without each other is , they cannot survive without one another. S,Allen is knows as and larger is knows as

Answer 17

Facultative symbiosis
Obligate symbiosis
Symbionts, host

Question 18

Prey have adaptations that help them not getting eating are

Answer 18

Mimicry
Camouflage
Warning coloration

Question 19

Benthos
Sessile
Nekton 
Pelagic 
Plankton

Answer 19

This that live on the bottom
Those that are attached to the bottom
Those that swim well enough oppose currents
Those that live up in the water column 
Those that swim weakly or not at all

Question 20

Two types of plankton

Answer 20

Phytoplankton zooplankton

Question 21

What zones are benthic animals divided by

Answer 21

Depth of the benthic zones
Intertidal - between high and low tide (exposed once a day and give in NC)
Subtidal - always submerged below low tide level

Question 22

All ecosystems require a constant ? Chemicals and nutrient are.. In an ecosystem

Answer 22

Input of energy

Cycled

Question 23

How does energy flow through an ecosystem ?, what is this determined by

Answer 23

From non-living to living between organisms and back 
Trophic structure (relates to feeding )

Question 24

Is all of the energy stored by individuals at one Trophic level available to the next ? How much is transferred to the next level

Answer 24

No energy needs take up most of the energy created or consumed
10% (5-20)

Question 25

Food chains rarely extend beyond four Trophic levels except in the ocean Community why?

Answer 25

There is more biomass at the bottom- primary producer level

System can support more secondary consumers

Question 26

What is gross primary production , what is net primary production

Answer 26

Total amount of primary production

Organic matter left over after primary producers meet their own needs (base)

Question 27

What is standing stock

Answer 27

Total amount of phytoplankton in the water

Question 28

What is required for primary producers to create organic molecules

Answer 28

Carbon dioxide

Question 29

What else is needed for organic compounds and must be cycled through the ecosystem , nitrogen is fixed by what , what is the most important form

Answer 29

Phosphorus and nitrogen
Cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea
Nitrate

Question 30

Phosphorus enters through what

Answer 30

Rivers as phosphate

Question 31

Certain elements or compounds taken up by organisms cannot?, what happens as a result?, what are some examples

Answer 31

Metabolized or excreted
They bioaccumulate and each toxic levels
Heavy metals, non biodegradable pesticides, toxins produced by organisms

Question 32

What is biomagnification

Answer 32

When the effects of bio accumulated materials are magnified through the food we

Question 33

Pelagic zone can be divided into what zones

Answer 33

Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, hadopelagic

Question 34

Epipelagic- extends from? Plenty of sunlight available for

Answer 34

Waters surface to 200 m, primary production

Question 35

Mesopelagic - extends from ? Sunlight is ? Sometimes referred to as ?

Answer 35

Lower limit of epipelagic to about 1000 m

Not plentiful however research shows some primary production occurs but very reduced

Question 36

Bathy, abysso, hado- are what zones ? Extend how far down

Answer 36

Deep sea
Bathy-4,000
Abysso-6,000
Hado- in trenches : anything below 6,000

Question 37

Where do they feed ?

Answer 37

I’m bathy