Chapter 4 Quiz Flashcards
What four organic molecules make up living organisms
Lipids: fats keep warm
Proteins: building tissue, carbohydrates:energy make shell out of, nucleic acids: DNA
Marine organism that needs lipids
Photosynthetic
In photosynthesis plants algae and other autotrophs use
Pigments to capture energy in sunlight and used to build carbohydrates
The source of carbon for building carbohydrates is
Carbon dioxide , oxygen is released as byproduct
Whether heterotroph or autotroph still need to break down
Carbohydrates for energy
What is the process for breaking down carbohydrates for energy called
Cellular respiration
Respiration consumes…. And produces …… As byproducts
Oxygen….carbon dioxide and water
Water turns into and oxygen turns into
Glucose and oxygen carbon dioxide
When autotrophs make more energy than they can sue the excess is called
Primary production, inorganic simple things into organic complex things
Organisms who perform primary production at called
Primary producers
Marine organisms are major source of
Worldwide primary production
Maine organisms require…. In Order to turn carbohydrates into other types of
Nutrients, molecules
The nutrients can include
Minerals vitamins and even raw elements
Two major groups based on cellular composition
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Lack nucleus Ribosomes Circular ring of dna May have plasmids extra pieces of DNA Cell wall normally present May have flagellum Unicellular
Eukaryotic
DNA in nucleus
Specialized organelles
Unicellular or multicellular
Atom
Fundamental unit of all matter; carbon,phosphorous
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined chemically together; water, proteins
Organelle
Specialized features of cell; nucleus, mitochondrion
Cell
Basic unit of life; muscle cell, single cell organisms
Tissue
Group of cells functioning as a unit; muscle tissue
Organ
Many tissues arranged into a structure with a. Specific purpose in the organism; stomach
Organ system
Group of organs that work together; digestive system
Four organic molecules
Oxygen,hydrogen, carbon
Population
Group of organisms of same species occurring in same habitat; all the Muscles on a stretch of rocky shore
Communities
All populations that exist in particular habitat, like coral reef; rocky shore community
Ecosystem
Combination of the community and the physical environment; nearshore ecosystem
Solutes move from areas of higher concentrations to areas of …….. Which is called
Diffusion
Movement from water from area of higher concentration to less concentrated area through semi permeable membrane
Osmosis
Marine organisms live in a very ….. Rich environment and have the tendency to
Solute-rich gain Solutes and lose water
If the water loss and solute gain is significant it can cause ….. So organisms need to find a way to deal with
Death of cells, osmosis/diffusion
Osmoconformers
Do not attempt to control solute water balance, internal concentration varies as salinity in water around them changes, can only tolerate very narrow range of salinity
Osmoregulators
Control internal concentrations, wider range of salinities, secrete very little urine or use specialized glands to secrete salts
Marine fish Osmoregulators
35 ppt in ocean 14 ppt inside Water loss through osmosis in gills and skin Salt in pee Drinks in salt water Excreted by gills Pass through gut
Freshwater Osmoregulators
0 ppt in water 14 ppt inside Water gained through osmosis through skin Not drink Salt absorbed by gills Large volume diluted in urine No salts enter gut
Ectotherms
Generate body heat metabolically but cannot maintain constant internal body temperature, dependent on surroundings
Poikilotherms
Body temperature mimics the surrounding environment, do not use metabolism
Many ectotherms are
Poikilotherms
Endotherms
Generate body heat metabolically and body temp. Does not match temperature of surrounding environment , birds and mammals
Homeotherms
These organisms retain metabolic heat and can control metabolism to maintain a constant internal temperature
Homeotherms are
Endotherms
Asexual reproduction
Not involve two individuals, young are produced by single parent , young are genetically identical
Types of asexual reproduction
Fission, budding, vegetative production
Fission
Splitting of organism into two smaller organisms of equal size
Budding
Organism develops buds that break off and become organism
Vegetative reproduction
Plant reproduces new individuals by ending underground stem, rhizome sideways which new plants will sprout
Sexual reproduction
Produce gametes that unite to produce new genetically unique individual
What produces egg/ sperm
Ovaries, testes
Broadcast spawning
Release eggs and sperm directly into water
In Spawning there has to be a …. Amount of gametes released in order to be effective. They release gametes according to
Large, moon phase, water temp. 8 days after first full moon
Internal fertilization
Copulatory organ insert Soren directly into females reproductive tract
Internal fertilization requires what? And how many gametes are needed for success
Contact between two parents, less gametes
Hermaphrodites
Male and female reproductive tissues either simultaneously or at different phases
Protandry
Spends first part of life as functional male then becomes female after some cue initiates change
Protogyny
An individual that spends the first portion of life as female then turns into male, most fish
Evolution is
Change in genetic makeup of pop. Over time
In wild genetically derived traits can give …… Over his population
Survival/reproductive
If organism is a better survivor, more gametes will make it into
Next generation
Those organisms less advantaged may
Not survive or reproduce less
Natural selections strengthens the
Gene pool by eliminating less advantageous traits through lack of reproductive events
Taxonomy
Science of classifying and naming organisms
Classification by taxonomy is done by…
DNA and protein analysis, comparing embryos, fossil record, comparing internal and external body structures
Classifies from largest to smallest
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
In domain or kingdom there can be
Millions of different organisms
In a species there can be
One type of organism
What defines a species
Common characteristics and ability to breed successfully with other members of species (biological species concept)
Phylogenetics
Study of evolutionary relationships
Biologists use many factors to determine relatedness like
Structure, reproductive patterns, embryo logical or larval development, fossils, behavior or DNA /RNA
All compounds are
Molecules but not all molecules are compounds
Respiration uses what and what are the by products
Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
What is it called when inorganic are turned into complex organic molecules
Carbon dioxide fixation
