Chapter 3 Flashcards
All matter is composed of
Elements of diff. Types
Elements naturally occur as
Atoms
Atoms can be found
Solo or found together in molecules
Molecules are the result of
Two or more atoms bounded together chemically
Not all molecules are
Compounds
Water molecule has slight…… Why?
Negative and positive charge, oxygen is more electromagnetic
Positive charges are near… And the negative are near
Hydrogen, oxygen
Hydrogen bonds are what keeps water at
Room temperature
Due to slight electrical charges water molecules are
Attracted to each other
Attraction of one molecule to another is called
Hydrogen bonding
The colder water gets what happens to density until 4 degrees Celsius
Density increases , until 4 degrees when. They spread out again
Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules
Cohesive
The gas from of water is
Water vapor, humidity
When molecules are closer together there is
Greater density
Water … At 4 degrees Celsius and this is why ice
Expands, float
Cold water…. Underneath warmer water
Sinks
Colder water holds more .., than the same volume of water
Oxygen, good for organisms
Ice is … Dense than liquid water due to the ….
Less, air trapped in it
If ice did not float
Water would freeze form bottom up and everything would freeze
Matter is anything that
Has mass and takes up space
Water has high
Latent heat of melting, ice melts at Hugh temp and absorbs a great deal of heat as it does
Heat capacity
Amount of heat required to raise a substances temperature by a given amount
Amounts of water
61% freshwater in ice 30% underground 3% we have access to
What place stores the most heat
Western Atlantic warm pool
High heat compactly is good for marine organisms why
Not subject to wide temp. Ranges like we are on land , exception is shallow water warms up quick because of small volume
Great deal of heat required for
Evaporation which is why water stays in ocean
Water acts as a solvent meaning
Things dissolve into it
Any substance dissolved in water is called a
Solute
Levels of solutes in water is called
Salinity
Main solutes dissolved in water… Measured in
Chloride and sodium, ppt part per thousand 1000 grams of water 35 grams of salt
Ocean water where it meets a river can be
15-25 ppt
Where can ppt be higher
If evaporation is high and no rivers lead into water
Water is relatively….. Good for …. Organisms… Level of penetration varies by
Transparent , photosynthetic, amount of solutes in the water
What is difference between Bahamas and Norht Carolina
Rivers dump solutes into North Carolina waters
First color to dissappear and at what feet
10 meters 33 feet red
Water comes from.. And to a lesser extent
Rivers, precipitation… Melting of polar ice caps symptom of sea level rising…. Thermal expansion
Solutes come from
Weathering of rocks, rivers that have solutes in them, hydrothermal vents
Anions chloride and sulfide come from
Volcanoes and places where magma comes up under water
CTions sodium potassium magnesium come from
Rivers and weathering
May gasses dissolved in sea water
Oxygen (source) carbon dioxide ( absorb sink)nitrogen(from waste)
Atmospheric Co2 is … In ocean
High
Gasses dissolve at …. For, the atmosphere
Sea surface
Like other aerobic organisms many organisms in ocean utilize… And expel
Oxygen carbon dioxide
Under what condition does water hold the most dissolved gas
Cold
1 ATM equals….. And balloon decreases by
10 meters decrease balloon by a half
Differences seen in diff. Parts of ocean are due to
Circulation patterns
Circulation can occur as
Waves, tides, currents and gyres
Circulation is driven by
Wind patterns driven by sun, which is driven by heat
As sunlight heats air, the air
Rises and cool air takes place of the risen
Mid morning the wind is … Vs at night
Onshore because land heats quicker
Offshore because land cools quicker
Winds created in this pattern continuously at the equator are known as
Trade winds
Westerlies in …. And easterlies at …… Are …. Than trade winds
Mid latitude, poles, less consistent
Current goes to the …. Of the trade winds
Right
In the northern hemisphere
Wind direction is up and current is 45 degrees to right
Waves are the result of
Wind blowing over waters surface
Size of wave depends on
How long and fast the wind blows
Fetch is the amount of
Open water a wind blows over
Highest pint of wave is… Lowest point is
Crest trough
Distance between two crests is
Wavelength
The time it takes wave to pass by set point is
Wave period
Waves transfer …. Water is not actually
Energy … Moving
Waves do not move water… Does
Wind
As a wave nears the shore what happens
Bottom of wave drags the bottom which causes waves to slow and move together shorter wavelength… Drag causes wave crest to fall over is called a wave break
The surf caused from the ….displaces lots of …. Affecting organisms
Wave break…. Sand
Currents can be in ….. Layers of deeper water layers
Surface
Both winds and the currents they drive are affected by the
Coriolanus effect
Since earth is spinning it causes the
Deflection of winds and currents
Deflection causes currents to travel in circular patterns called
Gyres
Surface layer, intermediate, bottom layer
200 meters, well mixed ; 200-1500 temperature change and less mixing; below 1500 low mixing and uniformity cold
Where is the oldest deep water
North Pacific before it up wells
Water sinks due to changes in
Salinity and temperature down welling
Down welling brings gases from surface to
Deeper layers
Areas of upwelling come from
Currents that push deeper waters towards surface
Nutrients are more plentiful in
Deeper layers so areas of upwelling are beneficial for organisms in that area
Circulation is driven by… Which are
Tides. Rhythmic raising a and falling of the sea surface levels which are caused by gravitational pull form moon
Semi diurnal
Most locations have two high tides and two low tides a day
One high and one low tide a day is
Diurnal
High tide happens when moon is on
Horizon
Number and size of tides can be affected by
Bottom features and geographic features
Spring tides are when
Sun and moon are in line and tidal range is greater
Neap tides
When sun and moon are not aligned
Organisms living in areas exposed during low tide are affected greatly by
Spring tide
Movement of water during tidal changes
Significant mixing
Tidal are not tidal in nature but the result of
Extreme tectonic activity
Tsunamis are preceded
By acknowledged of water that appears as an extreme low tide
Recent tsunamis in
Indian Ocean and off coast of Japan
Comprises 85% of seawater
Sodium chloride
Rapid change in temperature with increasing depth
Thermocline
What does Secchi disk measure
Transparency and how much light penetrates
Place in water column where most intense part of water transport occurs due to waves and currents
Surface
Winds are driven by
Temperature
Causes deep surfCe currents to move 90 degrees in the northern hemisphere
Eichman spiral
Where does wind move in northern hemisphere
Down
What does tsunami result from
Wave reinforcement
Minimal tide range is caused by
Neap tide
What is the only substance that naturally occurs in three states
Water
Water is capable for transporting large amounts of …. Due to heat
Energy, capacity
Water is called the……because it can dissolve so many things
Universal
Salts are composed of oppositely charged particles called
Ions
Density is determined by
Salinity and temperature
What light penetrates the deepest
Blue
What does the colioris affect do
Deflects all large scale motions on earth’s surface
Gyres
Major surface currents that form large circular systems
Tides are influence by
Location and body features like depth and shale of basin of water
