Chaoter Flashcards
Marine vs. oceanographers
Marine: organisms that live in sea LIVING
Ocean: study physical aspects of sea (wave, tide, current, chemical makeup) NON LIVING
What comes from the sea
Products and medicines derived from marine species, food resources, and other items
Ex: agar culture bacteria
Carrageenan thicken dairy products
Marine organisms produce
Oxygen used by aerobic organisms, including humans
Oceans help to regulate
Climate
Ocean is slow to change in temp. Because of sheer volume , keeps land masses more stable
Who were early explorations made by
Pacific Islanders, Phoenicians who sailed med. sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, eastern Atlantic Ocean
Exploration in dark ages
Leif Ericsson discovered Vinland 995 AD WHICH IS NOW NORTH AMERICA
Renaissance exploration
Columbus rediscovered new world in 1492
English sea captain
James cook included naturalist among crew
- sailed all the oceans first Europeans to view arctic ice fields land on Hawaii and Tahiti s well as many other pacific islands
- extensive mapping and brought back specimens
Charles Darwin sailed on
HMS beagle 1831-1836 as naturalist
Edward Forbes
Extensively studied sea floor around British isles , Aegean Sea, and other locales in 1840’s/50’s
Major discovery is discovery of species on seafloor greatly varying by depth
Zonation
Defined as presence of organisms in particular range or zone
Organisms will be found in distinct zone based on tolerance to physical or environmental conditions in that zone
Charles Wyville Thompson
Scientific leader of challenger 1872-1876
First major expedition devoted to studying marine organisms
Thousands of species never previously discovered pub. 50 volumes of info collected over next 19 years
Oldest research station
Woods hole marine biological lab , MA
Sonar
Used to map seafloor depths and formations
Scuba
Used for direct human exploration of oceanic environment for longer periods and at deeper depths than would otherwise be available to man
Research vessel
Floating laboratories allow oceanographers to exp,ore marine environments for weeks months or years without returning to land based facility
Underwater research station- Aquarius
Located in Florida keys
Located approx. 60 feet under water allows to stay at depth for days or weeks
Eating sleeping etc. is done
Scientific method is
Systematic way of testing ideas
Heart of method is
Observe
You cannot — a hypothesis
Prove , only disprove
Tested repeatedly and not disproved
Considered to be true and becomes a theory
Factors are
Variables
Science can offer no answers on
Values beliefs or feelings
First scientific expedition to explore worlds oceans
Challenger
When did oceanography begin to take off
world war 2 because navy wanted to gain advantage through the ocean
Four factors that led Polynesians to migrate eastward
Tribal wars, disease epidemics, food, natural disasters
Beginning 25,000 years ago Polynesians began to colonize islands of
They moved to and in eastern South Pacific
South and western pacific…New Guinea in west, Fiji , and Samoa in the middle
Tahiti and Easter island
Polynesians colonized Hawaii, what tools did they lack
500 years ago
Compass, sextant, clocks
Why did sailors mistake great bodies of water on other side of straight for river
Only seen currents in rivers
What did they call great body of water
Okeano that’s what they called rivers
Captain James cook beginning in… Circumnavigated the globe ..times over.. Years
1768, 3,10
What did Ben Franklin observe off east coast of United States
And how fast does it go
Gulf Stream 5 knots
British warship HMS beagle went in year, to
Discovered theory of
1831 Galápagos Islands , natural selection
according to Darwin variations with species occur , and survival is determined by ability to
Randomly , adapt to environment
Challenger had different types of samplers to
Grab roots or mud from ocean floors and nets to capture Animals from diff. Depths
Winches
Mechanical engines used to lower and hoist sounding lines to measure how deep ocean was.
Discovered deepest part , located in, . It is more than …. Deep
Mariana’s trench , western pacific , 4
Why was sonar developed and what does it stand for
Detect submarines during war, sound navigation and ranging
Less than… Years ago scientist…. Discovered evidence that led him to believe continents had once been … But later …
100, Alfred wegener, whole, divided
Three prices of evidence for Alfred wegener
Plant and animal fossils that were similar on separate continents, similar rock formations, coastlines that fit together
Theory was proposed in… And called
1415 continental drift
What are core samples and provide evidence of what two theories
Sediment and rock between seafloor
Seafloor spreading and plate tectonics and climate has been changed
Marine biology
Study of organisms that live in the sea (all water that has degree of salinity)
