Chapter 8 Flashcards
How many species and how many marine , fish are the ….. Vertebrates
24,000, 15,000, oldest and largest
How much of the vertebrate species are fish
1/2
Agnatha are known as the…. Fish , circular mouth with rows of teeth in ….. What type of body? What do they lack and what two types
Jawless Rings Long cylindrical Paired fins and scales Lampreys and hagfish
How many species of hagfish and how many marine
20 all
What do hagfish feed on , live on , protect themselves ?
Dead and dying fish and marine mammals
Marine burrows in soft sediment
Large amounts of mucous from glands in skin
Lamprey how many species and what water do they live in, adults go where for breeding and do they live after breeding
30
Freshwater and marine
Go to freshwater to breed then die
How do lampreys eat
On living fish by rasping into sides with sucker like mouth and consuming blood tissue and body fluids
Advancements in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
Efficient gills Scales Paired fins Variety of jaw and feeding types Lateral line and sensory organs Streamlined body
Are marine fish all vertebrates ? If so what types
Yes , bone and cartilage
Chondrichthyes, species , things in this group, skeleton made of what, what kind of jaws, what kind of scales
1000 Shark, Rays, skates Cartilage Movable Placoid
How many gill slits, spiracles do what?, and what do male species have that help in copulation
5-7
Help them breathe when they aren’t swimming
Claspers extensions of the anal fin
Details about sharks: primarily live in what water, but some go up mouths of river to?, I. Addition to lateral Line sharks have what organ ?, this allows them to do what
Marine, freshwater
Lorenzini: detect electrical current , allows them to detect prey that is hidden
Sharks posses how many dorsal fins , what are the different kinds of reproduction, how many species, what type of eater
2 Vivipary:live birth Ovipary:Lay egg cases Ovovipipary: egg hatches inside 350 Carnivorous, planktonic
Rays always have ….birth, pectoral fins flattened into ? And their bodies are flattened how?, how many gill slits and where are they located ,
Wings
Dorsoventrally
5 on underside
Rays spend much of their time on the bottom which is another word for?, teeth are ?, in sting ray there is a ? At the base of the tail that is activated when?, electric rays have organs that?
Demersal Large flattened teeth Spine with venom Step on or make contact with Produce electricity on either side of the head
What is different from rays and skates
Fleshy tail with no spine on it
Always lay egg cases , with embryo that develops for weeks to months
What is the same in rays and skates
Wings, dorsalventrally flattened
Demersal
Ratfish: how many species, mostly are …water,how many pairs of gills slits , feed on?, what kind of tail, what makes them different from others in the group
30 Deep 1 pair covered by flap of skin Heterocercal Fin rays
Ratfishes are also known as
Chimera
Osteichthyes: how many species , gills used for what and what do they have, what kind of jaws, what kind of tail
23,000
Respiration, operculum
Hinged
Homocercal: two lobes of equal size and forward thrusts
Bony fish: scales?, what does operculum do?, lateral line used in, swim bladder?,
Ctenoid, cycloid
Provides protection for gills,
Sensory capacity, communication
Buoyancy control
What kind of coloration do almost all bony fish have ?
Countershading, dorsal is dark ventral is light, blends in with environment so if predator sees them from above or below they blend
Slower swimming fish have what type of coloration
Disruptive, bars or stripes
Cryptic to blend in
What do circular patterns neared the caudal fin do ? Warning coloration?
Confuse predators who normally attack the head first
If he is attacked on caudal fin he can get away with minor damage
Colors to show poison
Streamlined fish include ? Which allows for very little flexibility except in?
Tuna, billfish
Caudal
What is the area just before the tail of streamlined fish and what does it do
Caudal peduncle , allows for muscles to concentrate in this area allowing for greater thrust
Angelfish are the opposite of streamlined fish because
Their fins are feather like for lots of flexibility
Stone fish and toad fish look like what?
Rocks or scenery
Fish exhibit what kind of swimming pattern, what drives this swimming pattern,
S shaped
Myomeres
Since swim bladder is absent in shark what do they have instead, what happens when they stop swimming
Lipid rich liver
They sink , also no lift when swimming
How are sharks aided in lift
Position and stiffness of pectorals
What are the pectorals used for in bony fish , in smaller fish what kind of movement is aided by pectorals
Flexible and maneuverability
Forward
In other species fins may be modified for …… And this means the fins will not
Camouflage
Allow for significant movement
Is the construction of the gill the same for all fish? Gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments , lamella
Yes Supports entire structure On forward surface of gill arch, modified for food capture in plankton Behind gill arch Increase surface area for gas exchange
What takes place on gill surfaces
Like lungs in human exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What does mouth structure reveal
Dietary preferences
The beak adaptation is seen in?, and allows fish to do what, what mouth adaptation does butterfly fish have, barracuda uses ?
Parrotfish, used to scrape algae off of other organisms
Long tube mouth to feed in corals
Long rows of sharp teeth and wide mouth to capture prey
Position of mouth is important yes or no?, forward facing mouth is good for, downward is good for
Yes
Chase down prey
fish that feed at bottom
Digestion of food in fish is completed with
Stomach,intestine, (with cloaca or anus), liver, pyloric caeca, pancreas
The stomach of a fish is structured like
A human stomach
What do the liver, pancreas, intestine, and pyloric caeca do to aid in digestion
Secrete digestive enzymes
Intestines of carnivorous v. Herbivorous
Short and straight
Long and coiled , because harder to process so stay longer
Fish have a …. Chambered heart, where does blood return for oxygenation
2
Gill filaments
Oxygen and carbon dioxide will …. Through thin membranes either in the ????
Diffuse
Gills or tissues
Osmoregulation is?, fish have a tendency to gain… And lose….,
Term given to the process of managing internal water, solute balance
Salutes , water
How have fish performed osmoregulation
Swallow seawater then expel in digestive process
Pass very little urine
Urine is hugely concentrated with salutes and less with water
Cartilaginous fish keep the same ………. How?
Blood concentration as seawater
Keeping urea in system
No solute so gained
Fish posses what for smell , where are tastebuds located?, what changes for the fishes eyes
Olfactory sacs
Mouth, lips, barbells, skin
The position of the lens
In sharks the eye is covered by a
Nictitating membrane that covers the eye to protect from predators
Fish rely heavily on the ……line system , series of ….. And……lined with what to detect what
Lateral
Pores, canals …. Neuromast , vibrations
Predator, prey, or position
The inner ears are set in what? With what kind of cells
Fluid filled canals , sensory cells
Fish also detect body positions changes through ?
Otoliths that rest on sensory hairs , (find age)
Schooling makes it possible for a small group of fish to appear? It makes it harder for a predator to? Many fish school as? How many species do this as adults
Larger
Attack one fish
Juveniles
4000
How do fish maintain their territories, some examples , do fights occur often
Posturing
Raised fins, open mouth , darting
No rarely
Anadromous v. Catadromous
Salmon lamprey sturgeon, live in saltwater but migrate to fresh for reproductive purposes
American eel freshwater then migrate to salt
What controls development of eggs and sperm?, what cues the release of sex hormones
Sex hormones
Water temp. , day length, tide cycles, NOT full moons
What is the most common form of reproduction
Broadcast spawning
What two types of hermaphrodites are there
Simultaneous: same time -more rare
Sequential : separate
Protandry v protogyny + examples , what are the cues for these changes
Male then female: clown fish
Female then male: parrot fish
Social structure or environment
Parthenogenic
Young develop directly from un fertilized eggs of the female, no male DNA required , clones of mom
What indicated readiness of reproduction
Color changes or body structure changes , intricate behaviors , helps ensure reproduction
