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Marine Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many species and how many marine , fish are the ….. Vertebrates

A

24,000, 15,000, oldest and largest

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2
Q

How much of the vertebrate species are fish

A

1/2

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3
Q

Agnatha are known as the…. Fish , circular mouth with rows of teeth in ….. What type of body? What do they lack and what two types

A 
Jawless 
Rings
Long cylindrical
Paired fins and scales
Lampreys and hagfish
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4
Q

How many species of hagfish and how many marine

A

20 all

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5
Q

What do hagfish feed on , live on , protect themselves ?

A

Dead and dying fish and marine mammals
Marine burrows in soft sediment
Large amounts of mucous from glands in skin

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6
Q

Lamprey how many species and what water do they live in, adults go where for breeding and do they live after breeding

A

30
Freshwater and marine
Go to freshwater to breed then die

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7
Q

How do lampreys eat

A

On living fish by rasping into sides with sucker like mouth and consuming blood tissue and body fluids

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8
Q

Advancements in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

A 
Efficient gills
Scales
Paired fins
Variety of jaw and feeding types
Lateral line and sensory organs 
Streamlined body
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9
Q

Are marine fish all vertebrates ? If so what types

A

Yes , bone and cartilage

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10
Q

Chondrichthyes, species , things in this group, skeleton made of what, what kind of jaws, what kind of scales

A 
1000
Shark, Rays, skates
Cartilage
Movable
Placoid
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11
Q

How many gill slits, spiracles do what?, and what do male species have that help in copulation

A

5-7
Help them breathe when they aren’t swimming
Claspers extensions of the anal fin

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12
Q

Details about sharks: primarily live in what water, but some go up mouths of river to?, I. Addition to lateral Line sharks have what organ ?, this allows them to do what

A

Marine, freshwater

Lorenzini: detect electrical current , allows them to detect prey that is hidden

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13
Q

Sharks posses how many dorsal fins , what are the different kinds of reproduction, how many species, what type of eater

A 
2
Vivipary:live birth 
Ovipary:Lay egg cases
Ovovipipary: egg hatches inside 
350
Carnivorous, planktonic
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14
Q

Rays always have ….birth, pectoral fins flattened into ? And their bodies are flattened how?, how many gill slits and where are they located ,

A

Wings
Dorsoventrally
5 on underside

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15
Q

Rays spend much of their time on the bottom which is another word for?, teeth are ?, in sting ray there is a ? At the base of the tail that is activated when?, electric rays have organs that?

A 
Demersal
Large flattened teeth
Spine with venom 
Step on or make contact with 
Produce electricity on either side of the head
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16
Q

What is different from rays and skates

A

Fleshy tail with no spine on it

Always lay egg cases , with embryo that develops for weeks to months

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17
Q

What is the same in rays and skates

A

Wings, dorsalventrally flattened

Demersal

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18
Q

Ratfish: how many species, mostly are …water,how many pairs of gills slits , feed on?, what kind of tail, what makes them different from others in the group

A 
30
Deep
1 pair covered by flap of skin
Heterocercal
Fin rays
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19
Q

Ratfishes are also known as

A

Chimera

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20
Q

Osteichthyes: how many species , gills used for what and what do they have, what kind of jaws, what kind of tail

A

23,000
Respiration, operculum
Hinged
Homocercal: two lobes of equal size and forward thrusts

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21
Q

Bony fish: scales?, what does operculum do?, lateral line used in, swim bladder?,

A

Ctenoid, cycloid
Provides protection for gills,
Sensory capacity, communication
Buoyancy control

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22
Q

What kind of coloration do almost all bony fish have ?

A

Countershading, dorsal is dark ventral is light, blends in with environment so if predator sees them from above or below they blend

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23
Q

Slower swimming fish have what type of coloration

A

Disruptive, bars or stripes

Cryptic to blend in

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24
Q

What do circular patterns neared the caudal fin do ? Warning coloration?

A

Confuse predators who normally attack the head first
If he is attacked on caudal fin he can get away with minor damage
Colors to show poison

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25
Q

Streamlined fish include ? Which allows for very little flexibility except in?

A

Tuna, billfish

Caudal

26
Q

What is the area just before the tail of streamlined fish and what does it do

A

Caudal peduncle , allows for muscles to concentrate in this area allowing for greater thrust

27
Q

Angelfish are the opposite of streamlined fish because

A

Their fins are feather like for lots of flexibility

28
Q

Stone fish and toad fish look like what?

A

Rocks or scenery

29
Q

Fish exhibit what kind of swimming pattern, what drives this swimming pattern,

A

S shaped

Myomeres

30
Q

Since swim bladder is absent in shark what do they have instead, what happens when they stop swimming

A

Lipid rich liver

They sink , also no lift when swimming

31
Q

How are sharks aided in lift

A

Position and stiffness of pectorals

32
Q

What are the pectorals used for in bony fish , in smaller fish what kind of movement is aided by pectorals

A

Flexible and maneuverability

Forward

33
Q

In other species fins may be modified for …… And this means the fins will not

A

Camouflage

Allow for significant movement

34
Q

Is the construction of the gill the same for all fish? Gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments , lamella

A 
Yes
Supports entire structure
On forward surface of gill arch, modified for food capture in plankton
Behind gill arch 
Increase surface area for gas exchange
35
Q

What takes place on gill surfaces

A

Like lungs in human exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

36
Q

What does mouth structure reveal

A

Dietary preferences

37
Q

The beak adaptation is seen in?, and allows fish to do what, what mouth adaptation does butterfly fish have, barracuda uses ?

A

Parrotfish, used to scrape algae off of other organisms
Long tube mouth to feed in corals
Long rows of sharp teeth and wide mouth to capture prey

38
Q

Position of mouth is important yes or no?, forward facing mouth is good for, downward is good for

A

Yes
Chase down prey
fish that feed at bottom

39
Q

Digestion of food in fish is completed with

A

Stomach,intestine, (with cloaca or anus), liver, pyloric caeca, pancreas

40
Q

The stomach of a fish is structured like

A

A human stomach

41
Q

What do the liver, pancreas, intestine, and pyloric caeca do to aid in digestion

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

42
Q

Intestines of carnivorous v. Herbivorous

A

Short and straight

Long and coiled , because harder to process so stay longer

43
Q

Fish have a …. Chambered heart, where does blood return for oxygenation

A

2

Gill filaments

44
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide will …. Through thin membranes either in the ????

A

Diffuse

Gills or tissues

45
Q

Osmoregulation is?, fish have a tendency to gain… And lose….,

A

Term given to the process of managing internal water, solute balance
Salutes , water

46
Q

How have fish performed osmoregulation

A

Swallow seawater then expel in digestive process
Pass very little urine
Urine is hugely concentrated with salutes and less with water

47
Q

Cartilaginous fish keep the same ………. How?

A

Blood concentration as seawater
Keeping urea in system
No solute so gained

48
Q

Fish posses what for smell , where are tastebuds located?, what changes for the fishes eyes

A

Olfactory sacs
Mouth, lips, barbells, skin
The position of the lens

49
Q

In sharks the eye is covered by a

A

Nictitating membrane that covers the eye to protect from predators

50
Q

Fish rely heavily on the ……line system , series of ….. And……lined with what to detect what

A

Lateral
Pores, canals …. Neuromast , vibrations
Predator, prey, or position

51
Q

The inner ears are set in what? With what kind of cells

A

Fluid filled canals , sensory cells

52
Q

Fish also detect body positions changes through ?

A

Otoliths that rest on sensory hairs , (find age)

53
Q

Schooling makes it possible for a small group of fish to appear? It makes it harder for a predator to? Many fish school as? How many species do this as adults

A

Larger
Attack one fish
Juveniles
4000

54
Q

How do fish maintain their territories, some examples , do fights occur often

A

Posturing
Raised fins, open mouth , darting
No rarely

55
Q

Anadromous v. Catadromous

A

Salmon lamprey sturgeon, live in saltwater but migrate to fresh for reproductive purposes
American eel freshwater then migrate to salt

56
Q

What controls development of eggs and sperm?, what cues the release of sex hormones

A

Sex hormones

Water temp. , day length, tide cycles, NOT full moons

57
Q

What is the most common form of reproduction

A

Broadcast spawning

58
Q

What two types of hermaphrodites are there

A

Simultaneous: same time -more rare

Sequential : separate

59
Q

Protandry v protogyny + examples , what are the cues for these changes

A

Male then female: clown fish
Female then male: parrot fish
Social structure or environment

60
Q

Parthenogenic

A

Young develop directly from un fertilized eggs of the female, no male DNA required , clones of mom

61
Q

What indicated readiness of reproduction

A

Color changes or body structure changes , intricate behaviors , helps ensure reproduction

Marine Biology (16 decks)

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