Management- Chapter 16

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.

Question 2

Intrinsic Rewards

Answer 2

The satisfactions a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.

Question 3

Extrinsic Rewards

Answer 3

Given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise.

Question 4

Content Theories

Answer 4

Emphasize the needs that motivate people.

Question 5

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Answer 5

The most well-known content theory is Maslow’s, which proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs- physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization- that exist in a hierarchical order.

Question 6

ERG Theory

Answer 6

A modification of the needs hierarchy and proposes three categories of needs: existence and relatedness, and growth.

Question 7

Frustration-Regression Principle

Answer 7

The idea that failure to meet a nigh-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need; thus, people may move down as well as up the need hierarchy.

Question 8

Hygiene Factors

Answer 8

One element of Herzberg’s two-factor theory, hygiene actors, focuses on lower-level needs and involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay and company policies.

Question 9

Motivators

Answer 9

Herzberg’s second factor influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth.

Question 10

Process Theories

Answer 10

Including goal-setting theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory, explain how people select bahviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.

Question 11

Goal-setting Theory

Answer 11

Proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement.

Question 12

Equity Theory

Answer 12

Focuses on individuals’ perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.

Question 13

Equity

Answer 13

A situation of equity exists when the ratio of one person’s outcomes to inputs equal that of another’s.

Question 14

Expectancy Theory

Answer 14

Proposes that motivation depends on individual’s expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.

Question 15

E->P Expectancy

Answer 15

A person’s E-P expectancy is the expectancy that you putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance.

Question 16

P->O Expectancy

Answer 16

The expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome.

Question 17

Valence

Answer 17

The value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual.

Question 18

Reinforcement Theory

Answer 18

Based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences.

Question 19

Behavior Modification

Answer 19

Refers to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior.

Question 20

Law of Effect

Answer 20

Asserts the positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and unreinforced or negatively reinforced behavior tends to be inhibited.

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

Anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited.

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

The administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequences following a desired behavior.

Question 23

Avoidance Learning

Answer 23

Managers apply avoidance learning, called negative reinforcement, when they remove an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved.

Question 24

Punishment

Answer 24

Refers to the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior.

Question 25

Extinction

Answer 25

Refers to withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior.

Question 26

Social Learning Theory

Answer 26

Proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from thoughts, beliefs and observations of other people’s behavior.

Question 27

Vicarious Learning

Answer 27

Occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.

Question 28

Self-reinforcement

Answer 28

Refers to an individual motivation herself by setting goals and ways of reaching them and then providing positive reinforcement to herself when goals are achieved.

Question 29

Self-Efficacy

Answer 29

An individual’s belief about his or her ability to successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Question 30

Job Design

Answer 30

Refers to applying motivational theories to the structure of work to improve motivation, productivity an satisfaction.

Question 31

Job Enrichment

Answer 31

Refers to incorporating high-level motivators such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth into the work.

Question 32

Work Redesign

Answer 32

Altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees’ work experience and their productivity.

Question 33

Job Characteristics Model

Answer 33

A model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals’ critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength.

Question 34

Empowerment

Answer 34

The delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization.

Question 35

Engagement

Answer 35

An emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.