Management- Chapter 14

Question 1

Organizational Behavior (OB)

Answer 1

All managers need to understand basic principles of organizational behavior, an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations.

Question 2

Self-efficacy

Answer 2

An individual’s strong belief that she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Question 3

Self-confidence

Answer 3

Self-efficacy is relatied to self-confidence, which means general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.

Question 4

Organizational Citizenship

Answer 4

Refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization’s success.

Question 5

Attitude

Answer 5

A cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.

Question 6

Job Satisfaction

Answer 6

A positive attitude toward one’s job.

Question 7

Organizational Commitment

Answer 7

Refers to loyalty to and engagement with one’s work organization.

Question 8

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 8

A psychological discomfort that occurs when two attitude or an attitude and a behavior conflict.

Question 9

Perception

Answer 9

The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Question 10

Perceptual Selectivity

Answer 10

The process by which individuals screen and select the various stimuli that vie for their attention.

Question 11

Perceptual Distortions

Answer 11

Are errors in perceptual judgment that result from inaccuracies in any part of the perceptual process.

Question 12

Stereotyping

Answer 12

Refers to the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.

Question 13

Halo Effect

Answer 13

Occurs when a perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable.

Question 14

Projection

Answer 14

The tendency to see one’s own personal traits in other people.

Question 15

Perceptual Defense

Answer 15

The tendency of individuals to protect themselves by disregarding ideas, objects, or people that are threatening to them.

Question 16

Attributes

Answer 16

Judgments about what caused a person’s behavior- either characteristics of the person or of the situation.

Question 17

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 17

A tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person’s behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.

Question 18

Self-serving Bias

Answer 18

The tendency to overestimate the contributions of internal factors to one’s successes and the contribution of external factors to one’s failures.

Question 19

Personality

Answer 19

The set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objets or people in the environment.

Question 20

Big Five personality factors

Answer 20

Are dimensions that describe an individual’s extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience.

Question 21

Locus of Control

Answer 21

Defines whether an individual places the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within herself or on outside forces.

Question 22

Authoritarianism

Answer 22

The belief that power and status differences should exist within an organization.

Question 23

Machiavellianism

Answer 23

Refers to a tendency to direct one’s behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain.

Question 24

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 24

Assessment measures a person’s preference for introversion vs. extroversion, sensation vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.

Question 25

Person-job fit

Answer 25

Refers to the extent to which a person’s ability and personality match the requirements of a job.

Question 26

Emotion

Answer 26

A mental statue that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanies by physiological changes.

Question 27

Learning

Answer 27

A change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience.

Question 28

Type A Behavior

Answer 28

Characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness and devotion to work.

Question 29

Type B Behavior

Answer 29

A behavior pattern that reflects fer of the fype A characteristics and includes a more balanced, relaxed approach to life.

Question 30

Role Ambiguity

Answer 30

Refers to uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.

Question 31

Role Conflict

Answer 31

Refers to incompativle demands of different roles, such as the demands of a manager’s superiors conflicting with those of the manager’s subordinates.