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Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the developmental origin of sertoli cells

A

coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge

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2
Q

What is the germ cells originate from?

A

they migrated from the yolk sac

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3
Q

What is the developmental origin of leydig cells?

A

mesenchyme of gonadal ridge

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4
Q

What cells synthesize testosterone

A

leydig cells

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5
Q

What is the precursor hormone to testosterone

A

progesterone

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6
Q

What do sertoli cells secrete

A

AMH
Inhibin
Estrogen
Androgen binding protein

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7
Q

What are the three repro important areas f the hypothalymus?

A

Paraventricular nucleus
the surge center
the tonic center

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8
Q

Which center of the hypothalamus is most important in males

A

tonic center

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9
Q

What is the function of the tonic center in males

A

small frequent surges of GnRH from the hypothalamus induces the production of LH which stimulates the production of testosterone

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10
Q

Which center of the hypothalamus is most important in females

A

the surge center

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11
Q

What is the function of the surge center

A

a high amplitude surge of GnRH is necessary to produce a large surge of LH which is needed for ovulation to occur

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12
Q

From where is FSH and LH secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What does testosterone negatively feedback on?

A

LH and GnRH

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14
Q

What does inhibin (from sertoli cells) negatively feedback on?

A

FSH

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15
Q

The hypothalamus is inherently ______

A

female

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16
Q

What defeminizes the hypothalamus during fetal development

A

estradiol (testosterone converted to estradiol via aromatase)

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17
Q

How does testosterone defeminize the hypothalamus during development

A

-Testosterone is produced by fetal testes
-testosterone is converted in the brain to estradiol by aromatase
-estrodiol in the brain eliminates the surge center

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18
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to estrodiol in the brain

A

aromatase

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19
Q

If estradiol defeminizes the hypothalamus, how do females not defeminize their own brain?

A

alpha-fetoprotein binds to estradiol (gonadal) preventing it from crossing the blood brain barrier in the CNS

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20
Q

What protein binds gonadal estradiol in the fetus

A

alpha-fetoprotein

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21
Q

Where is alpha-fetoprotein made in the fetus

A

made by yolk sac and fetal liver

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22
Q

What is the function of alpha-fetoprotein?

A

a protein produced by the fetal liver to bind to gonadal estrogen to prevent it from crossing the blood brain barrier

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23
Q

What is the function of androgen binding protein

A

binds to testosterone and increases concentration of testosterone within seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

Where is androgen binding protein produced

A

sertoli cells

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25
What are the three major factors leading to puberty
Metabolic Environmental/social cues Genetics/breeding
26
How do GnRH neurons inhibit puberty
they have increased sensitivity to negative feedback of testosterone
27
There is ______ sensitivity of GnRH neurons to ______ as puberty approaches
decreased, testosterone
28
once there is a decreased sensitivity of GnRH neurons as puberty approaches what happens?
testosterone can now influence the hypothalamus to increase secretion of LH
29
How does LH influence testosterone production
it increases it
30
What triggers change in hypothalamic testosterone sensitivity at puberty?
-neurons can sense changes in blood glucose and FAs -Leptin receptors
31
True/false: There is a certain level of fatness required for puberty?
true
32
What converts testosterone to DHT in cells?
5alpha reductase
33
true/false: Testosteron/DHT is necessary for growth and maturation of accessory sex glands
true
34
What are two ways to have the accessory sex glands regress
castration or anything that interferes with GnRH/LH
35
What are spermatogonia and how do they divide
stem cells divide by mitosis
36
What are spermatocytes and how do they divide
Priamary- meiosis I Secondary- Meiosis II
37
How long does a cycle of spermogenesis take
60 days
38
True/False: sperm production is always "on"
false, seasonal breeders can turn it off or on
39
What is needed within the seminiferous tubules to have spermatogenesis
extremely high levels of testosterone
40
What cells have LH receptors and produce testosterone
leydig cells
41
True/False: Testosterone production is intimately associated with LH production
true
42
GnRH results in the production of what hormones?
LH and FSH
43
What would happen if LH was secreted for hours instead of minutes
secretion of testosterone for hours metabolic overload for test clearance sustained negative feedback on GnRH reduced LH secretion reduced test production
44
What is the function of FSH in males
stimulates sertoli cells
45
What is the function of LH in males
stimulates leydig cells
46
What is the rate limiting step in testosterone synthesis
steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
47
True/False: testes are an immune privileged site
true
48
What are the three components of immune privilege?
anatomincal (complex junctions) Physiological (specialized transport systems) Immunological ( blood testes barrier. immune cells within interstitial space)
49
Where are spermatagonia in the seminiferous tubule
basal compartment
50
Where are mature sperm in the seminiferous tubule
adluminal compartment
51
Where is sperm stored in the testes
in the tail of the epididymis
52
True/false: sperm can trickle and escape out of the tail into the ductus deferens to pelvic urethra and end up in urine
true
53
What moves sperm through the ductus deferens
smooth muscle producing rhythmic contractions
54
Where is sperm concentrated in the testes
in the head of the epididymis
55
True/False: aquaporins are utilized in the concentration of seminal fluid
true
56
sperm must be ______ to be motile, but also must be ________ from being motile
prepared, repressed
57
______ is necessary for sperm motility
cAMP
58
Low calcium levels in the sperm tail could ______ motility
prevent
59
Where does capacitation occur?
in the isthmus of the oviduct
60
Where does changes to sermatic plasma membrane that will enable capacitation to occur
in the epididymis
61
What does change in the sperm cytoplasmic droplet indiciate
maturity, a more proximal droplet can indicate immature sperm
62
True/False: Sperm from the entirety of the epididymis is ejaculated
false, only sperm from the tail
63
True/false: infrequent and very frequent ejaculations can affect sperm quality
true
64
what are 4/5 requirements for erection
-Elevated arterial inflow -dilation of blood sinuses -restricted venous outflow -elevated intrapenile pressure +/- relaxation of retractor penis muscle in certain species
65
What is the main neural input on a non erect penis
sympathetic
66
what is the main neural input on an erect penis
parasympathetics
67
Parasympathetics release what neurotransmitter during penile erection
NO to allow vasodilation and blood sinus relaxation to allow for engorgment
68
What are the 4 steps of erection to emission
1. sensory stimulus 2. Hypthalamic input 3. oxytocin release by posterior pituitary 4. movement of sperm
69
What is the role of oxytocin in erection to emission
it contracts smooth muscle which then move sperm into the ductus deferens and pelvic urethra, positioning sperm for ejaculation
70
what secretions from the accessory sex glands contribute to the seminal plasma
-fructose -ovulation induction factor -substance for female tolerance -+/- copulation plug -fluid for volume (specifically pigs)
71
Define ejaculation
reflex expulsion of spermatazoa and seminal plasma from the male repro tract
72
ejaculation is controlled by what neural inputs
sympathetics
73
sensory stimuli of the glans is transmitted by what nerve to the spinal cord
pudendal nerve
74
what are the three main muscles targeted for ejaculation
urethralis, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosis
75
Where does phagocytosis of sperm occur
vaginia, ,cervix, uterus
76
true/false: females can sometimes produce antisperm antibodies
true
77
Where does fertilization take place
ampulla of oviduct
78
where does sperm sequestration take place
isthmus of oviduct
79
what is capacitation
changes in the membrane of the sperm so that the acrosome reaction can take place
80
What is the main result of capacitation
changes in sperm motility pattern from straight, linear to spiral trajectory
81
What is the acrosome reaction
the reaction allows sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida, it modifies the sperm membrane such that it can fuse with the oocyte membrane
82
where does the acrosome reaction membrane modification occur on the sperm
equatorial segment
83
True/false: acrosomal damage is reversible
false
84
what are 4 situations that can induce premature acrosome reaction or acrosomal damage
-changes in osmotic pressure -sudden cooling/heating -marked change in pH
85
What is the enzyme that hydrolyzes zona proteins to aid in sperm interaction with the oocyte
acrosin, which is released from acrosome reaction
86
What flagellar activity is most effective in drilling through the zona
hyper activated motility (spiral)
87
Briefly describe the fusion of the sperm with oocyte
-sperm has penetrated the zona -sperm settles on oocyte membrane -plasma membrane of oocyte fuses with fusion proteins on equatorial segment of sperm -sperm is engulfed -sperm nuclear membrane dissolves
88
once sperm has fused with oocyte, what happens to the oocyte
fusion induces cortical reaction ( exocytosis of cortical granules). these granules harden the zona so that no other sperm can penetrate

OSSF (37 decks)

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