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OSSF > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the developmental origin of sertoli cells

A

coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge

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2
Q

What is the germ cells originate from?

A

they migrated from the yolk sac

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3
Q

What is the developmental origin of leydig cells?

A

mesenchyme of gonadal ridge

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4
Q

What cells synthesize testosterone

A

leydig cells

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5
Q

What is the precursor hormone to testosterone

A

progesterone

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6
Q

What do sertoli cells secrete

A

AMH
Inhibin
Estrogen
Androgen binding protein

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7
Q

What are the three repro important areas f the hypothalymus?

A

Paraventricular nucleus
the surge center
the tonic center

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8
Q

Which center of the hypothalamus is most important in males

A

tonic center

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9
Q

What is the function of the tonic center in males

A

small frequent surges of GnRH from the hypothalamus induces the production of LH which stimulates the production of testosterone

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10
Q

Which center of the hypothalamus is most important in females

A

the surge center

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11
Q

What is the function of the surge center

A

a high amplitude surge of GnRH is necessary to produce a large surge of LH which is needed for ovulation to occur

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12
Q

From where is FSH and LH secreted?

A

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What does testosterone negatively feedback on?

A

LH and GnRH

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14
Q

What does inhibin (from sertoli cells) negatively feedback on?

A

FSH

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15
Q

The hypothalamus is inherently ______

A

female

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16
Q

What defeminizes the hypothalamus during fetal development

A

estradiol (testosterone converted to estradiol via aromatase)

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17
Q

How does testosterone defeminize the hypothalamus during development

A

-Testosterone is produced by fetal testes
-testosterone is converted in the brain to estradiol by aromatase
-estrodiol in the brain eliminates the surge center

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18
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to estrodiol in the brain

A

aromatase

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19
Q

If estradiol defeminizes the hypothalamus, how do females not defeminize their own brain?

A

alpha-fetoprotein binds to estradiol (gonadal) preventing it from crossing the blood brain barrier in the CNS

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20
Q

What protein binds gonadal estradiol in the fetus

A

alpha-fetoprotein

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21
Q

Where is alpha-fetoprotein made in the fetus

A

made by yolk sac and fetal liver

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22
Q

What is the function of alpha-fetoprotein?

A

a protein produced by the fetal liver to bind to gonadal estrogen to prevent it from crossing the blood brain barrier

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23
Q

What is the function of androgen binding protein

A

binds to testosterone and increases concentration of testosterone within seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

Where is androgen binding protein produced

A

sertoli cells

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25
Q

What are the three major factors leading to puberty

A

Metabolic
Environmental/social cues
Genetics/breeding

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26
Q

How do GnRH neurons inhibit puberty

A

they have increased sensitivity to negative feedback of testosterone

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27
Q

There is ______ sensitivity of GnRH neurons to ______ as puberty approaches

A

decreased, testosterone

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28
Q

once there is a decreased sensitivity of GnRH neurons as puberty approaches what happens?

A

testosterone can now influence the hypothalamus to increase secretion of LH

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29
Q

How does LH influence testosterone production

A

it increases it

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30
Q

What triggers change in hypothalamic testosterone sensitivity at puberty?

A

-neurons can sense changes in blood glucose and FAs
-Leptin receptors

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31
Q

True/false: There is a certain level of fatness required for puberty?

A

true

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32
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT in cells?

A

5alpha reductase

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33
Q

true/false: Testosteron/DHT is necessary for growth and maturation of accessory sex glands

A

true

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34
Q

What are two ways to have the accessory sex glands regress

A

castration or anything that interferes with GnRH/LH

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35
Q

What are spermatogonia and how do they divide

A

stem cells
divide by mitosis

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36
Q

What are spermatocytes and how do they divide

A

Priamary- meiosis I
Secondary- Meiosis II

37
Q

How long does a cycle of spermogenesis take

A

60 days

38
Q

True/False: sperm production is always “on”

A

false, seasonal breeders can turn it off or on

39
Q

What is needed within the seminiferous tubules to have spermatogenesis

A

extremely high levels of testosterone

40
Q

What cells have LH receptors and produce testosterone

A

leydig cells

41
Q

True/False: Testosterone production is intimately associated with LH production

A

true

42
Q

GnRH results in the production of what hormones?

A

LH and FSH

43
Q

What would happen if LH was secreted for hours instead of minutes

A

secretion of testosterone for hours
metabolic overload for test clearance
sustained negative feedback on GnRH
reduced LH secretion
reduced test production

44
Q

What is the function of FSH in males

A

stimulates sertoli cells

45
Q

What is the function of LH in males

A

stimulates leydig cells

46
Q

What is the rate limiting step in testosterone synthesis

A

steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

47
Q

True/False: testes are an immune privileged site

A

true

48
Q

What are the three components of immune privilege?

A

anatomincal (complex junctions)
Physiological (specialized transport systems)
Immunological ( blood testes barrier. immune cells within interstitial space)

49
Q

Where are spermatagonia in the seminiferous tubule

A

basal compartment

50
Q

Where are mature sperm in the seminiferous tubule

A

adluminal compartment

51
Q

Where is sperm stored in the testes

A

in the tail of the epididymis

52
Q

True/false: sperm can trickle and escape out of the tail into the ductus deferens to pelvic urethra and end up in urine

A

true

53
Q

What moves sperm through the ductus deferens

A

smooth muscle producing rhythmic contractions

54
Q

Where is sperm concentrated in the testes

A

in the head of the epididymis

55
Q

True/False: aquaporins are utilized in the concentration of seminal fluid

A

true

56
Q

sperm must be ______ to be motile, but also must be ________ from being motile

A

prepared, repressed

57
Q

______ is necessary for sperm motility

A

cAMP

58
Q

Low calcium levels in the sperm tail could ______ motility

A

prevent

59
Q

Where does capacitation occur?

A

in the isthmus of the oviduct

60
Q

Where does changes to sermatic plasma membrane that will enable capacitation to occur

A

in the epididymis

61
Q

What does change in the sperm cytoplasmic droplet indiciate

A

maturity, a more proximal droplet can indicate immature sperm

62
Q

True/False: Sperm from the entirety of the epididymis is ejaculated

A

false, only sperm from the tail

63
Q

True/false: infrequent and very frequent ejaculations can affect sperm quality

A

true

64
Q

what are 4/5 requirements for erection

A

-Elevated arterial inflow
-dilation of blood sinuses
-restricted venous outflow
-elevated intrapenile pressure
+/- relaxation of retractor penis muscle in certain species

65
Q

What is the main neural input on a non erect penis

A

sympathetic

66
Q

what is the main neural input on an erect penis

A

parasympathetics

67
Q

Parasympathetics release what neurotransmitter during penile erection

A

NO to allow vasodilation and blood sinus relaxation to allow for engorgment

68
Q

What are the 4 steps of erection to emission

A
  1. sensory stimulus
  2. Hypthalamic input
  3. oxytocin release by posterior pituitary
  4. movement of sperm
69
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in erection to emission

A

it contracts smooth muscle which then move sperm into the ductus deferens and pelvic urethra, positioning sperm for ejaculation

70
Q

what secretions from the accessory sex glands contribute to the seminal plasma

A

-fructose
-ovulation induction factor
-substance for female tolerance
-+/- copulation plug
-fluid for volume (specifically pigs)

71
Q

Define ejaculation

A

reflex expulsion of spermatazoa and seminal plasma from the male repro tract

72
Q

ejaculation is controlled by what neural inputs

A

sympathetics

73
Q

sensory stimuli of the glans is transmitted by what nerve to the spinal cord

A

pudendal nerve

74
Q

what are the three main muscles targeted for ejaculation

A

urethralis, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosis

75
Q

Where does phagocytosis of sperm occur

A

vaginia, ,cervix, uterus

76
Q

true/false: females can sometimes produce antisperm antibodies

A

true

77
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

ampulla of oviduct

78
Q

where does sperm sequestration take place

A

isthmus of oviduct

79
Q

what is capacitation

A

changes in the membrane of the sperm so that the acrosome reaction can take place

80
Q

What is the main result of capacitation

A

changes in sperm motility pattern from straight, linear to spiral trajectory

81
Q

What is the acrosome reaction

A

the reaction allows sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida, it modifies the sperm membrane such that it can fuse with the oocyte membrane

82
Q

where does the acrosome reaction membrane modification occur on the sperm

A

equatorial segment

83
Q

True/false: acrosomal damage is reversible

A

false

84
Q

what are 4 situations that can induce premature acrosome reaction or acrosomal damage

A

-changes in osmotic pressure
-sudden cooling/heating
-marked change in pH

85
Q

What is the enzyme that hydrolyzes zona proteins to aid in sperm interaction with the oocyte

A

acrosin, which is released from acrosome reaction

86
Q

What flagellar activity is most effective in drilling through the zona

A

hyper activated motility (spiral)

87
Q

Briefly describe the fusion of the sperm with oocyte

A

-sperm has penetrated the zona
-sperm settles on oocyte membrane
-plasma membrane of oocyte fuses with fusion proteins on equatorial segment of sperm
-sperm is engulfed
-sperm nuclear membrane dissolves

88
Q

once sperm has fused with oocyte, what happens to the oocyte

A

fusion induces cortical reaction ( exocytosis of cortical granules). these granules harden the zona so that no other sperm can penetrate

OSSF (37 decks)

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