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OSSF > Adrenal gland and HPA > Flashcards

Adrenal gland and HPA Flashcards

1
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by what

A

sympathetic preganglionic efferent nerves

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2
Q

True/False: adrenal medullary cells function as post ganglionic sympathetic “neurons”

A

true

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3
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce

A

Zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids
Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis: androgens

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4
Q

The precursor for all adrenocortical steroids is ___

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

What is the main product of the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines

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6
Q

What is the rate limiting step/essential enzyme in the synthesis of adrenocortical steroids?

A

cholesterol desmolase stimulated by ACTH

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7
Q

Cholesterol uptake by the adrenal cortex is regulated by ____

A

ACTH

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8
Q

True/False: cholesterol is stored inside adrenal cortex cells until it is required fro hormone synthesis

A

true

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9
Q

True/False: adrenocortical steroids are stored in secretory vesicles until they are needed

A

false!! they are synthesized as needed

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10
Q

what is the common precursor for all adrenocortical hormones?

A

pregnenolone

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11
Q

The specialization of the zones of the adrenal cortex is conferred by _____

A

the enzymes present

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12
Q

Mineralocorticoid secretion is controlled by what?

A

RAAS

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13
Q

Glucocorticoid and androgen secretion are controlled by what?

A

HPA which is under classical negative feedback control

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14
Q

What is the main method of action of steroid hormones?

A

they bind to intracellular receptors and act through transcription of DNA and synthesis of new proteins

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15
Q

What is the physiologically most important mineralocorticoid?

A

aldostrone

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16
Q

Aldostrone secretion is regulated by what?

A

extracellular fluid volume
changes in serum K+ levels

17
Q

True/False: ACTH is required fro aldostrone synthesis, but is of minor importance in the secretion rate

A

true

18
Q

True/False: K+ changes act indirectly on aldostrone producing cells

A

false, it DIRECTLY acts on aldostrone producing cells

19
Q

What are the immediate and slow onset effects of aldostrone

A

Immediate effect: prolongs the opening of Na+ channels in the apical membrane of the renal distal tubules and collecting ducts
Slow onset effect: increases synthesis of Na+ and K+ channels in the apical membrane and Na+/K+ pump in the basolateral membrane of the renal tubular epithelium

20
Q

How is aldostrone excreted?

A

it is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the urine and bile

21
Q

What is the overall effect of glucocorticoids in glucose metabolism

A

increases blood glucose concentration

22
Q

True/False: glucocorticoids have a prominent circadian variation

A

true

23
Q

True/False: nothing (besides drugs) can override the circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid secretion

A

false, stress can override this rhythm

24
Q

True/False: all nucleated cells have glucocorticoid receptors

A

true

25
Q

True/False: glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, and lipolysis

A

true

26
Q

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on insulin sensitivity

A

they decrease it

27
Q

What is the overall effect of glucocorticoids on inflammatory and immune responses

A

they have a general inhibiting effect

28
Q

Glucocorticoids are rapidly released in response to what 4 major types of stress

A

trauma
infection
environmental temperature variations
psychological stress

29
Q

You run pre op bloodwork on a 3yo cat and find everything WNL except the glucose, which is slightly elevated. Is this normal? why /why not

A

it can be normal due to stress. The psychological stress can cause the secretion of glucocorticoids which has a general effect of increasing blood glucose concentration

30
Q

Glucocorticoids will mobilize protein from all tissues except ____ for use in proteolysis

A

liver

31
Q

How do glucocorticoids have broadly immunosuppressive effects?

A

cortisol induces synthesis of lipocortin which inhibits phospholipase A2 which is responsible for prostaglandin and leukotriene production

32
Q

What 4 hormones/molecules require the presence of cortisol to be affective

A

insulin, glucagon, GH, and angiotensin II

33
Q

What are catecholamines synthesized from?

A

tyrosine

34
Q

what catecholamine is secreted in higher quantities

A

epinephrine

35
Q

Where are catecholamines inactivated

A

the liver and kidneys

36
Q

What are three important physiologic effects of catecholamines

A

-elevated plasma glucose
-mobilization of fatty acids as a source of energy
-redistribution of blood supply to preserve blood flow to heart and brain

OSSF (37 decks)

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