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OSSF > Bone & Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone & Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?

A

-blasts are precursor cells. -cytes are when the cell is surrounded by the matrix it has made

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2
Q

What is the embryologic origin of chondrocytes?

A

mesoderm. mesenchymal cells

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3
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Mesenchymal cells that immediately surround the matrix become perichondrium

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4
Q

Perichondrium covers most cartilage EXCEPT?

A

articular cartilage at the synovial joint and fibrocartilage

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5
Q

What is the name for the gap in the matrix that chondrocytes sit in?

A

lacuna

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6
Q

What is the major reason cartilage can withstand compression?

A

Its water content. ~60-80%

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7
Q

What is the composition of cartilage?

A

-60-80% water
-type 2 collagen
-9% proteoglycans
-5% glycoproteins

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8
Q

What is the type of collagen incorporated into cartilage?

A

type II

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9
Q

What are the two types of proteoglycans in cartilage? what type of cartilage are they in respectively?

A

-Aggrecan : hyaline & elastic
-Versican: fibrocartilage

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10
Q

Describe the structure of cartilage

A
  • aggrecans attach through their core protein to linear hyaluronic acid molecules. This linkage is stabilized by a link protein.
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11
Q

What is a proteoglycan aggregate?

A

aggrecan attached to the hyaluronic acid molecule (hyaluronin)

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12
Q

What is the main reason cartilage is difficult to repair?

A

no blood vessels or lymphatics

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13
Q

How is nutrition provided to cartilage?

A

diffusion through the hydrated gel of the matrix

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14
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A

-Appositional
-Interstitial

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15
Q

Where does appositional growth occur?

A

Perichondrium

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-Hyaline
-Elastic
-Fibrocartilage

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17
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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18
Q

Why is hyaline cartilage so basophilic?

A

aggrecan

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19
Q

What are the 6 main locations of hyaline cartilage?

A

-fetal skeleton
-synovial articular surfaces
-epiphyseal plates
-larynx
-nasal cartilage
-trachea & bronchi

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20
Q

How can you tell the difference between fetal and mature cartilage histologically?

A

Most chondrocytes/lacunae are single in mature cartilage. In fetal cartilage there are usually groups of chondrocytes called isogenic clusters

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21
Q

What is an isogenic cluster?

A

a pair/group of chondrocytes. Found mainly in fetal cartilage

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22
Q

What is the main difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

elastic cartilage has elastic fibers in it, which can be seen with H&E but need to be highlighted by special stain. Chondrocytes often appear larger/more plump

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23
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage? (4)

A

-Pinna
-Auditory tube
-Epiglottis
-Laryngeal cartilages

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24
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

A

light blue hyaline cartilage matrix, mainly interstitial growth, relatively parallel bundles of type 1 collagen.

25
Q

What is a defining feature of fibrocartilage?

A

no perichondrium

26
Q

Why is there no appositional growth in fibrocartilage?

A

no perichondrium

27
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

Tendon insertions, intervertebral discs, pelvic symphysis, menisci of the stifle joint.

28
Q

What type of collagen makes up most of the organic material in bone?

A

type I

29
Q

What gives bone its hardness?

A

hydroxyapatite

30
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

A form of calcium phosphate that gives bone its hardness

31
Q

What is the bone precursor cell?

A

osteoblast

32
Q

What is the term for the bone matrix produced by osteocytes?

A

Osteoid

33
Q

What triggers mineralization of osteoid?

A

alkaline phosphatase

34
Q

How can you identify a bone tumor?

A

Stain for alkaline phosphatase

35
Q

Do osteocytes communicate? if so how?

A

gap junctions

36
Q

What are bone lining cells?

A

cells derived from osteoblasts that are inactive, but can be reactivated if needed for remodeling

37
Q

What are the roles of osteoclasts?

A

remodel bone through decalcification, reabsorption of bone matrix

38
Q

What two things are need for osteoclasts to reabsorb bone?

A

-acid to demineralize
-proteolytic enzymes to break down collagen

39
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

a multi nucleated cell derived from the fusion of blood monocytes

40
Q

What is the “docking station” of osteoclasts?

A

howship’s lacunae

41
Q

What is the first bone formed at any site including when you fracture a bone?

A

woven bone

42
Q

What is woven bone replaced with ?

A

lamellar bone

43
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A

-Epiphysis
-Epiphysis plate
-Metaphysis
-Diaphysis
-Marrow cavity
-Periosteum
-Endosteum

44
Q

What are the two types of bone based on architecture?

A

-Cancellous
-Compact

45
Q

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?

A

The osteon

46
Q

What is the center of an osteon called? 3 poss names

A

-Osteonal canal
-central canal
-Haversian canal

47
Q

Where do blood vessels and nerves travel in bone?

A

Through the osteon

48
Q

What are the two types of histological preparations of bone tissue?

A

-decalcified (all mineral removed)
-Ground section (no organic material)

49
Q

What carries blood vessels between osteons?

A

transverse (volkman’s) canal

50
Q

What are the two ways to form new bone in the fetus?

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

51
Q

What is Intramembranous ossification? What type of bone does it occur in?

A

Bone is formed by direct replacement of embryonic mesenchyme. Flat bone

52
Q

What is Endochondral ossification? What type of bone does it occur in?

A

Cartilage model serves as the template bone. Long bones

53
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification

A

Embryonic mesenchyme condenses into a vascular CT, then mesenchymal calls differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoid is deposited into the mesenchyme, which is the formation of bone islands. A bone tissue surface is now available for appositional growth.

54
Q

Describe the process of endochondrial ossification

A

-Relies on a template of hyaline cartilage
-This template continues to grow as ossification proceeds
-Bone collar forms around diaphysis, chondrocytes in inner diaphysis hypertrophy, chondrocytes secrete alkaline phosphatase causing mineralization and death of cartilage.
-Invading osteoblasts (via vessels that have broken through collar) lay down osteoid on the calcified cartilage, calcified cartilage provides surface for appositional growth.
-Secondary ossification center forms at epiphyseal plate where growth of bone in length continues

55
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epiphyseal plate?

A

-Reserve cartilage
-Proliferation
-Hypertrophy
-Calcified cartilage
-Resorption

56
Q

When does bone remodeling occur?

A

-Developmentally
-Throughout life
-Fracture repair

57
Q

What cells make up the cutting cone?

A

osteoclasts

58
Q

What cells make up the closing cone?

A

osteoblasts

OSSF (37 decks)

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