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OSSF > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is the specific name for the cell making up the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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2
Q

Which cells of the epidermis are mitotic?

A

basal cells

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3
Q

What type of connection holds all of the layers of the epidermis together?

A

hemidesmosones below and desmosomes above

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?

A

-Stratum corneum
-Stratum granulosum
-Stratum spinosum
-Stratum basale

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5
Q

What is the function of melanocytes and merkel cells?

A

make melanin

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6
Q

What factor affects the thickness of stratum spinosum?

A

The level of protection needed

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7
Q

What is the prominent layer in thick epithelium such as pads of feet and nares?

A

Stratum spinosum

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8
Q

What is the name of the strongly basophilic granules in the stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin granules

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9
Q

What layer undergoes apoptosis?

A

stratum granulosum

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10
Q

What is the role of keratohyalin granules?

A

They contain precursors of profilaggrin (which bundles keratin)

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11
Q

What is the major permeability barrier of skin?

A

Stratum corneum

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12
Q

What is the cell name after keratinocyte differenciation?

A

Corneocytes

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13
Q

What is the hallmark of stratum corneum?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of cornification?

A

-Keratin fibers
-Cornified envelope
-Extracellular lipids

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15
Q

What protein aggregates keratin filaments (tonofilaments)?

A

Filaggrin

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16
Q

What does keratin filament aggregation promote?

A

The collapse of the cell into a flattened shape, which is characteristic of corneocytes in the cornifed layer

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17
Q

What is the first step in forming the cornified envelope?

A

The rise in intracellular Ca2+ triggers the formation of a protein scaffold along the inner surface of plasma membrane

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18
Q

What is the role of lamellar bodies?

A

They fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing ceramids with long fatty acids which are incorporated into the plasma membrane which creates the lipid layer of the cornified envelope

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19
Q

What step is unique to fully keratinized (cornified) cells?

A

The formation of the lipid layer after fusion of lamellar bodies

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20
Q

What is another function of lamellar bodies that is not the formation of the cornified envelope lipid layer?

A

They create the intercellular lipid lamellae

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21
Q

How do lamellar bodies promote shedding (desquamation)?

A

They contain and subsequently release proteases that break down desmosomal proteins as well as lipases that digest the lipid components

22
Q

List 4 ways in which the skin acts as an antimicrobial barrier?

A

-Desquamation
-Dry surface with low pH
-Antimicrobial proteins produced by keratinocytes
-Mast cells, lymphocytes in dermis

23
Q

What is the function of a langerhan cell?

A

Part of immunologic barrier. a dendritic antigen presenting cell

24
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

epidermis

25
Q

Why are melanocytes hard to see?

A

They transfer the melanin to adjacent keratinocyte cytoplasm

26
Q

What causes vitiligo?

A

Immune mediated destruction of melanocytes

27
Q

Is there direct blood flow to the epidermis?

A

no

28
Q

How do nutrients get to the epidermis?

A

They diffuse from vessels in the dermis

29
Q

How are nerves supplied to the dermis?

A

-free nerve endings
- Merkel cells in basal layer are mechanoreceptors

30
Q

What sensory receptors are located in the deep dermis and hypodermis, and respond to vibration and pressure?

A

Pacinican corpuscle

31
Q

What are the two classifications of hair?

A

simple and compound

32
Q

What are the three basic components of a compound hair?

A

a large guard hair, smaller wool hairs, and a shared auxillary glads (sweat glands)

33
Q

What is the “hair shaft exit” called?

A

infudibulum

34
Q

What two major species have compound hairs?

A

feline and canine

35
Q

How are hair follicles oriented?

A

Obliquely in dermis or subcutis towards tail

36
Q

How are hair follicles connected to the dermis?

A

Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle) inserts on CT sheath of follicle and originates from superficial layer of dermis

37
Q

Describe the structure of hair

A

Hair shaft, follicle which includes the hair bulb (matrix cells-germative layer and dermal papilla-vascularized loose CT

38
Q

What are the layers of a hair follicle?

A

Connective tissue sheath, external root sheath, internal root sheath

39
Q

Where are hair shaft medulla layers found? In what type of hair?

A

The inner most part of wooly/primary hair

40
Q

What are the two phases of the hair cycle?

A

-Anagen: mitotically active
-Telogen: not mitotically active and will shed

41
Q

What is the hallmark of a telogen hair?

A

dermal papilla regression

42
Q

Define sebaceous gland

A

Simple branched alveolar gland associated with primary hair follicles which secrete discharge into duct then into hair shaft

43
Q

What is sebaceous gland secretion stimulated by? inhibited?

A

Stimulated by testosterone and androgens
Inhibited by corticosteroids

44
Q

What is the function of circumanal glands?

A

Modified sebaceous gland used for pheromone production

45
Q

Where can you find circumanal glands?

A

Around the anus, tail base, groin area

46
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

-Aprocrine
-Eccrine

47
Q

What type of sweat gland is most common in domestic species?

A

Aprocrine

48
Q

What are the major functions of apocrine sweat glands?

A

In dogs and cats: produce body odor. In cattle and horses produce perspiration

49
Q

What species uses apocrine sweat glands for thermoregulation?

A

Horses and kinda cattle

50
Q

Describe the epithelium of apocrine glands of anal sac

A

cornified, stratified squamous

51
Q

What are the three layers of the hoof epidermis?

A

Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum

52
Q

What is the wall of the hoof made of?

A

Tubular horn surrounded by intertubular horn

OSSF (37 decks)

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