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OSSF > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where does most GI secretion occur?

A

Mostly in the stomach and small intestine

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2
Q

Where does most GI absorption take place?

A

primarily in the small intestine

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3
Q

Why must macromolecules from food, specifically proteins, be degraded into monomers before they can be absorbed?

A

it allows for avoidfance of the immune susystem recognizing ingested proteins as foreign

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4
Q

What are the only two categories of GI muscles under voluntary control?

A

muscles of mastication and external anal sphincter

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5
Q

What type of transport facilitates lipid transport across GI membrane?

A

simple diffusion

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6
Q

Basolateral cell membrane glucose transport is an example of what type of transport across the GI tract membrane?

A

facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

Na+/glucose and Na+/amino acid contransport in the luminal membrane of the small intestine epithelium is an example of what type of transport

A

cotransport (secondary active)

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8
Q

Na+/H+ ATPase in gastric parietal cells is an example of what type of membrane transport

A

primary active

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9
Q

Na+/H+ exchange in intestinal epithelium is an example of what type of transport

A

countertransport

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10
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the epithelial layer of the intestinal wall?

A

high turnover rate
single layer of columnar epithelial cells
specialized functions

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11
Q

how often are intestinal epithelial cells turned over?

A

every 2-3 days

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12
Q

What happens if microorganisms are able to penetrate the intestinal epithelial layer?

A

they are picked up by the lymphatics in the connective tissue layer

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13
Q

What are the two goals of regulation of GI function?

A

-obtain complete absorption of ingested organic nutrients
-restore homeostasis via negative feedback mechanisms

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14
Q

What are the two neural plexuses of the GI tract

A

submucosal and myenteric

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15
Q

The neurons of the enteric (intrinsic) nervous system can synapse in 3 locations, what are they?

A

-eachother
-smooth muscle and glandular cells
-sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

What are the two main nerves of PNS in the GI tract?

A

vagus (upper GI- to left colic flexure)
pelvic (lower GI- after left colic flexure)

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17
Q

What are the parasympathetic effects on the GI tract

A

increase secretion and mobility

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18
Q

What are the sympathetic effects on the GI tract

A

decrease secretion and mobility except for sphincters which contract

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19
Q

What are the two types of neural reflexes involved in GI regulation? what is the difference?

A

long and short reflexes. Long involves the CNS whil short does not need CNS input

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20
Q

What is the purpose of short reflexes in the GI tract

A

-adjust to local conditions, while being modulated by the ANS

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21
Q

What are the 5 main neurotransmitters of the GI tract?

A
  1. Ach
    2.NE
  2. VIP
  3. NO
  4. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
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22
Q

What are the main actions of Ach on the GI tract?

A

-constriction of smooth muscle in wall
-relaxation of sphincters
-increase salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretions

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23
Q

What are the main actions of NE on the GI tract?

A

-relaxation of smooth muscle in wall
-contraction of sphincters
-increase salivary secretion

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24
Q

What are the main actions of VIP on the GI tract?

A

-relaxation of smooth muscle
-increase intestinal and pancreatic secretion

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25
Q

What are the main actions of NO on the GI tract?

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

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26
Q

What are the main actions of GRP on the GI tract

A

increase gastrin secretion

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27
Q

What are the 4 classical hormones of the GI tract

A

-Gastrin
-Secretin
-CCK
-GIP

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28
Q

What are the major effects of gastrin

A

stimulates HCL production in the stomach and growth of mucosa in stomach and intestines

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29
Q

What are the major effects of secretin

A

stimulates production of HCO3- in pancreas

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30
Q

What are the major effects of CCK

A

stimulates secretion and production of pancreatic enzymes. Contracts gallbladder

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31
Q

What are the major effects of GIP

A

stimulates insulin production. Reduces HCL production and stomach emptying

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32
Q

True/False: salivary secretion is almost exclusively regulated by the PNS

A

true

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33
Q

What is the main regulatory mechanism for the pancreas?

A

Hormonal

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34
Q

What is the main regulatory mechanism fro the small intestine (and most of the large intestine)

A

local reflexes ( enteric )

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35
Q

What are the 3 regulatory phases of the digestive process?

A

-celiac
-gastric
-intestinal

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36
Q

Describe the celiac phase of digestive regulation

A

-occurs in anticipation of food
-occurs via long reflexes

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37
Q

Describe the gastric phase of digestive regulation

A

-initiated by stomach distension
-occurs via short and long reflexes
- gastrin secretion occurs during this phase

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38
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of digestive regulation

A

-initiated by intestinal volume and composition (mainly duodenum)
-secretion from pancreas and gall bladder occur during this phase

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39
Q

What is the effect of ghrelin on appitite?

A

pro food intake hormone

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40
Q

Which salivary gland is responsible for 50% of total salivary volume?

A

parotid

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41
Q

What type of fluid is produced by the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands?

A

mixed serous and mucous

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42
Q

Describe the function of acinar cells in saliva formation

A

secrete initial saliva, comprised of water, ions, enzymes, and mucus

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43
Q

Describe the function of ductal cells in saliva formation

A

modify the initial saliva by altering electrolyte concentrations

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44
Q

Describe the function of myoepithelial in saliva formation

A

contract with neural input to eject saliva

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45
Q

True/False: the initial saliva is hypotonic to plasma

A

false, it is isotonic

46
Q

Why is saliva hypotonic in the final product?

A

because of the Na+/Cl- absorption modification by ductal cells

47
Q

Which species’ saliva is always isosmotic with plasma?

A

ruminants

48
Q

Why is ruminant saliva always isosmotic with plasma?

A

because of the increased HCO3- and phosphate secretion into saliva

49
Q

Saliva composition is dependent on the ____ with ductal cells

A

contact time

50
Q

more contact time with ductal cells result in what type of saliva?

A

more hypotonic due to the increase in solute reabsorption

51
Q

less contact time with ductal cells results in what type of saliva

A

more isosmotic due to less modification time

52
Q

What are the 7 main functions of saliva?

A

-lubrication
-antibacterial effect
-enzyme digestion
-pH regulation
-binding of tannins
-providing urea for protein synthesis in the forestomachs (ruminants)
-thermoregulation

53
Q

Salivary secretion is entirely under ____ control

A

neural

54
Q

What ANS stimulation dominates salivary sectretion during meals?

A

PNS

55
Q

Describe the swallowing reflex

A

pressure against the pharynx stimulates the swallowing reflex
sensory arms- located in the walls of the pharynx
afferent arm- vagus and glossopharyngeal muscles
integration- medullary swallowing center
effect arm- motor nerves to the striated muscles of pharynx and upper esophagus

56
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary peristaltic wave of the swallowing reflex?

A

-clears the esophagus of food left behind after primary wave

57
Q

True/False: the secondary peristaltic wave of the swallow reflex involves both the ANS and enteric nervous system?

A

false, it only involves enteric

58
Q

What are the five main functions of the stomach

A
  1. some enzymatic degredation of starch and protein
  2. temporary storage location for ingested food
    3.mechanical processing of digesta
  3. HCl secretion into stomach to kill bacteria ingested with food
    5.parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor (IF)
59
Q

What is the purpose of intrinsic factor (IF)?

A

a glycoprotein which is required for the absorption of Vit B12

60
Q

What is chyme

A

ingested food that has mixed with stomach secretions and converted to a semi liquid mixture

61
Q

What is the non glandular part of the stomach (-ruminants)? lined by what class of cells?

A

esophageal, lined by simple squamous epithelium

62
Q

What is the glandular part of the stomach lined with?

A

simple columnar epithelium

63
Q

In what species is the non glandular portion of the stomach important for storage

A

horses

64
Q

What part of the pig stomach serves as storage?

A

the cardia

65
Q

The stomach wall is comprised of 3 layers of smooth muscle, what are they?

A

-outer longitudinal
-middle circular
-inner oblique

66
Q

What are the two main functions of mucin producing cells?

A

they produce mucus as well as function as stem cells

67
Q

Parietal cells secrete what?

A

HCL and IF

68
Q

Chief cells produce what secretory product

A

pepsinogen

69
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

inhibitory effect on HCl production (paracrine effect)

70
Q

What are the effects of histamine producing ECL cells?

A

histamine binds to neighboring parietal cells in a paracrine fashion and stimulate HCl secretion

71
Q

Define responsive relaxation

A

relaxation of the proximal portion of the stomach in response to food intake

72
Q

In what reflex process does postganglionic PNS fibers release VIP and NO, not Ach?

A

receptive relaxation

73
Q

True/False: GI pacemaker cell frequency is not influenced by neural or hormonal inputs?

A

true

74
Q

What is essential for GI pacemaker cells to reach AP threshold?

A

neural input

75
Q

What are pacemaker cells and where are they mainly found in the GI tract

A

modified smooth muscle cells and they are abundant in the myenteric plexus

76
Q

The depolarization and plateau phase of GI pacemaker cells are due to what current

A

inward Ca2+

77
Q

Repolarization of GI pacemaker cells are due to what current

A

outward K+

78
Q

Gastric emptying is determined by stimulatory mechanisms originating in the ____ and inhibitory mechanisms originating in the ___

A

Stomach, duodenum

79
Q

What cells secrete gastrin?

A

endocrine epithelial cells (G cells)

80
Q

What factor results in release of CCK

A

high fat content in the duodenum

81
Q

What is the strongest signal for hormonal inhibition of gastric emptying?

A

high fat content in the duodenum

82
Q

What 4 other signals (outside of high fat content) inhibits gastric emptying?

A

low pH
High osmolarity
distension of duodenum
high concentration of peptides

83
Q

What are the 4 major components of gastric juice?

A

HCl
Pepsinogen
IF
Mucus

84
Q

True/False: after a high protein meal, the blood and urine pH will be elevated due to alkaline tide

A

true

85
Q

What is an alkaline tide?

A

increased secretion of HCl into the intestinal lumen results in more HCO3- being pumped into the capillary lumen and thus the blood to balance acid base

86
Q

What three substances stimulate HCl secretion? what are they secreted by? what are their effector paths?

A

Histamine from ECL cells (paracrine)
Ach from vagus efferents (neurocrine)
Gastrin from G cells in the pyloris (endocrine)

87
Q

gastrin, in addition to directly stimulating HCl secretion, can indirectly stimulate it by stimulating secretion of which substance

A

histamine

88
Q

almost all of the HCl secretion into the stomach occurs during what two phases of the digestive process?

A

celiac and gastric

89
Q

True/False: the same duodenal signals that reduce gastric contractility also reduce HCl secretion?

A

true

90
Q

What is the role of prostoglandins on HCl secretion

A

they inhibit by blocking the effects of histamine, they also stimulate mucus and bicarb secretions

91
Q

What are the sequence of events of small intestine peristaltic contractions?

A
  1. expansion of the intestine release of serotonin from ECL cells which bind to afferent enteric neurons
  2. excitatory NT (Ach) are released behind bolus to contract smooth muscle
  3. Inhibitory NT (VIP NO) are released in front of bolus to relax smooth muscle
92
Q

What is the main regulatory pathway of peristalsis in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic (enteric) reflexes

93
Q

What is the role of the ANS in small intestine peristalsis

A

-PNS activity via the vagus increases contractile strength
-SNS activity via postganglionic fibers from the cranial and caudal mesenteric plexus decrease contractile strength

94
Q

In omnivores and carnivores: when digestive processes are happening what type of motility predominates?

A

mixing contractions, peristalsis is weak

95
Q

what is the interdigestive state?

A

when most of the nutrients have been absorbed from the small intestine

96
Q

What is migrating motility complex

A

pattern of electrical activity that clears the intestine of residual, often indigestible substances

97
Q

where is bile acids and B12 absorption concentrated to?

A

the ileum

98
Q

What are the 3 transcellular mechanisms of absorption?

A

-diffusion
-endocytosis/exocytosis
-transport mediated by carrier proteins

99
Q

What are the two steps of carbohydrate digestion/degredation

A

-luminal phase: amylase breaks down starch and glycogen to poly and disaccharides
-membranous phase: maltose and other simple carbs broken down to monosaccharides by enzymes in the apical membrane of the epithelial cells

100
Q

What form(s) of carbohydrates are able to be absorbed?

A

monosaccharides only

101
Q

Describe the routes of absorption of monosaccharides on the apical membrane? basolateral?

A

glucose and galactose use SGLT1s and fructose utilizes facilitated diffusion on the apical surface, all monosaccharides use GLUT2 on the basolateral

102
Q

What are the absorbable forms of protein

A

amino acids, di and tripeptides

103
Q

Where are the two locations of protein digestion/degradation? by what enzymes

A

stomach-pepsin and small intestine-trypsin

104
Q

What brush border enzyme activates trypsinogen?

A

enterokinase or autocatalyzed by activated trypsin

105
Q

What are the routes of protein absorption on the apical surface of the cell?basolateral?

A

amino acids pair with Na+ for secondary active transport, and di/tripeptides pair with H+ on the apical surface, all use facilitated diffusion on the basolateral

106
Q

What is the one example of intact protein absorption

A

passive transfer of maternal antibodies to neonates

107
Q

How does maternal antibody absorption happen without degredation?

A

-membranes of intestinal epithelia are permeable to intact proteins for 24 hours after birth
-production of HCl is low for 1-2 post birth
-pancreatic secretions is not fully developed
-colostrum contains substances that block trypsin

108
Q

True/False : carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion all require a luminal and membranous phase

A

false, lipid digestion does not have a membranous phase

109
Q

What are the 4 main enzymes involved in lipid digestion?

A

-Colipase
-ligual/gastric/pancreatic lipases
-cholesterol ester hydrolase
-phospholipase A

110
Q

What enzyme is essential in lipid digestion that is displaces bile salts to allow other enzymes access?

A

colipase

111
Q

What comprises the outside of a chylomicron?

A

Apo proteins and phospholipids

OSSF (37 decks)

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