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OSSF > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Define estrous cycle

A

repro cycle controlled by hormones that includes a period of heat, followed by ovulation, and complex changes of the uterine lining

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2
Q

What 4 things does the estrous cycle include

A

behavioral heat
events between heats
ovulation
changes in uterus

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3
Q

What two broad categories of hormones control the estrus cycle

A

ovarian and CNS

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4
Q

Define anestrus

A

time when an animal is not exhibiting estrous cycles

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5
Q

True/False: anestrous immediately follows estrous

A

false, anestrous is not part of the estrous cycle

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6
Q

Why would an animal be in anestrous (3)

A

if the animal is a seasonal breeder
pregancy/lactation/presence of offspring
stress/pathology

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7
Q

What are the three types of estrous cycles

A

polyestrous
seasonally polyestrous
monestrous

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8
Q

Define transition

A

those time periods just prior to or just after anestrous

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9
Q

what is the hallmark of transition

A

irregular estrous cycles

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10
Q

What is the main event of the follicular phase

A

growth and maturation of ovulatory follicles

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11
Q

the follicular phase is between _____ and _____

A

luteolysis and ovulation

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12
Q

what anterior pituitary hormone induces the formation of the ovulatory (graafian) follicle

A

FSH

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13
Q

the ovulatory follicle produces _____ which elicits ____

A

estrogen, heat/estrous

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14
Q

Without progesterone, ____ can spike and induce ovulation

A

LH

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15
Q

What is the main event of the luteal phase

A

growth and development of the CL

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16
Q

What does the CL produce

A

progesterone

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17
Q

The CL is eventually lysed by what molecule

A

PGF2alpha

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18
Q

True/False: there are some follicular growth during the luteal phase and ovulatory follicles can form

A

false, there is some follicular growth but ovulatory follicles cannot form

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19
Q

What is the main event of proestrous

A

growth of preovulatory follicles

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20
Q

What hormone influences the development of the ovulatory follicle

A

FSH

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21
Q

What produces estrogen

A

ovulatory follicle

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22
Q

what hormone predominates during estrous

A

estrogen

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23
Q

when does an LH spike occur

A

at the end of estrous to induce ovulation

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24
Q

what hormone induces ovulation

A

LH

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25
Q

What is the longest stage of the estrous cycle

A

diestrous

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26
Q

What hormone predominates during diestrous

A

progestrone

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27
Q

what structure produces progesterone

A

the CL

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28
Q

At what stage is the CL lysed by PGF2alpha

A

at the end of diestrous if a pregnancy has not been established

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29
Q

True/False: multiple groups of follicles develop during the estrous cycle

A

true

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30
Q

What species are induced ovulators

A

domestic cats, camelids, rabbits, ferrets

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31
Q

What two things cannot occur in induced species unless mated

A

ovulation and CL formation

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32
Q

True/False: a queen will not go into diestrous unless mated

A

true

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33
Q

What do theca cells make

A

androgens (testosterone)

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34
Q

What do granulosa cells make

A

-AMH
Inhibin
Activin
Estrogen

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35
Q

decreased P4 will ____GnRH from the tonic center

A

increase

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36
Q

increased estradiol will _____ GnRH from the surge center

A

increase

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37
Q

True/False the surge center has a single pulse per estrous cycle

A

true

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38
Q

E2 and Inhibin secreted by the follicle in the ovary exerts negative feedback on what pituitary hormone

A

FSH

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39
Q

True/False: only the dominant follicle in the wave produced at the end of the estrous cycle ovulates

A

true

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40
Q

A surge of what hormone leads to ovulation

A

LH

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41
Q

What can be used to induce superovulation

A

exogenous FSH

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42
Q

What do growing follicles secrete

A

inhibin

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43
Q

The large selected and dominant follicles are ____ dependent rather than _____ dependent

A

LH, FSH

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44
Q

True/False: recruited, selected, and dominant follicles all produce E2

A

true

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45
Q

At want stage of follicle growth does FSH secretion from pituitary predominate

A

recruitment

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46
Q

Follicular wave formation is _____

A

spontaneous

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47
Q

True/False: follicular wave formation cannot occur outside the estrous cylce

A

false, it can

48
Q

What physiological states will you see follicular waves outside of estrous

A

-prepuberty
-during pregnancy
-during anestrous
-puerperium (period just after delivery)

49
Q

Describe the two cell model of estrogen production

A

-LH stimulates theca cells to produce testosterone
-testosterone diffuses into granulosa cells
-FSH stimulates granulosa cells to produce aromatase the converts testosterone to E2

50
Q

Where is testosterone converted to estrogen

A

granulosa cells

51
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the female repro tract

A

-hyperemia
-genital swelling
-changes in electrical conductivity
-leucocytosis
-increased mucous secretion
-increase uterine gland growth
-increased myometrial tone

52
Q

true/false: you will not see uterine edema in the mare

A

false

53
Q

what species does diapedesis occur in

A

dogs

54
Q

what part of the estrous cycle does diapedsis occur in

A

proestrous

55
Q

Define diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries

56
Q

True/false: diapedesis is the same as menstral bleeding

A

FALSE

57
Q

the female estrous behavior occurs only during ____

A

estrous

58
Q

What is lordosis

A

when a receptive female “stands” for a male

59
Q

Briefly describe how induced ovulation works

A

-copulation
-sensory inputs to spinal cord
-relayed to hypothalamus surge center
-with enough stimuli large amounts of GnRH secreted
-LH spike
-ovulation

60
Q

In what species is there no diestrous

A

in induced ovualtors, cats, camelids, rabbits, ferrets

61
Q

How could you medically induce ovulation

A

-GnRH
-LH
-hCG

62
Q

What hormone acts like LH and can induce ovulation in animals

A

hCG

63
Q

What two molecules are responsible for uterine hyperemia and edema

A

Histamine
PGE2

64
Q

What are the physiological effects of PGF2alpha

A

increase follicualr pressure and follicular wall weakening to induce lutelysis

65
Q

Why is histamine necessary for ovulation

A

it increases follicular pressure aiding in lutelysis

66
Q

How would NSAIDS affect fertility

A

could cause infertility because it would block the production of PGF2alpha which is necessary for ovulation

67
Q

What change occurs in theca cells after the LH surge

A

they change from producing testosterone to producing progesterone

68
Q

What hormone is necessary in the production of collagenase

A

progesterone

69
Q

why is collagenase necessary for ovulation

A

because it breaks down the collagen at the area of the stigma (where the follicle emerges from)

70
Q

What is the stigma of an ovary

A

where the rupture of the follicle occurs allowing ovulation

71
Q

Define cumulus expansion

A

dissociation of cumulus from mural granulosa cells

72
Q

oocytes are arrested at ____ since birth

A

meiosis I

73
Q

what is the second arrest of the oocyte

A

metaphase II

74
Q

True/False: an oocyte can make it through meiosis even without fertilization

A

false, it must be fertilized to make it through meiosis II

75
Q

What lifts the meiosis I arrest

A

the LH surge

76
Q

What lifts the meiosis II arrest

A

fertilization

77
Q

What is the main event of the luteal phase

A

formation of the CL via luteinization

78
Q

What is a corpus hemorrhagicum

A

when the follicle ruptures, there is an invasion of thecal vessels into the follicle as well as some rupture of this vasculature

79
Q

what hormone governs luteinization

A

LH

80
Q

What is luteinization

A

breakdown of the basement membrane between theca and granulosa cells

81
Q

what are the general steps of forming the CL

A

-breakdown of the basement between theca and granulosa cells
-formation of corpus hemorrhagicum
-functional CL

82
Q

what cells turn into the large luteal cells? small?

A

granulosal cells turn into the large and the thecal cells turn into the small luteal cells

83
Q

True/False: insufficient progesterone can not support pregnancy

A

true

84
Q

what hormone does the CL produce

A

progesterone

85
Q

What foundational molecule do you need to make progesterone

A

cholesterol

86
Q

At what stage of the estrous cycle does P4 increase

A

diestrous

87
Q

True/False: the CL is always receptive to PGF2alpha in progesterone production

A

false, it is not responsive for the first 5-7 days

88
Q

How does maternal recognition of pregnancy affect P4 levels

A

it ensures that it remains high through pregnancy

89
Q

True/false: graafian follicles can form during the luteal phase

A

false, dominant follicles can form but not graafian

90
Q

With only ____ GnRH there is no ovulation

A

tonic

91
Q

What are the inhibitory effects of P4? (4)

A

-reduces GnRH pulse frequency from the tonic center
-prevents preovulatory LH surge
-prevents behavioral estrous
-reduces myometrial contractions

92
Q

In seasonal breeders what dictates whether or not GnRH is secreted?

A

melatonin, but more specifically the kisspectin neural response to melatonin depending on if the animal is fall or spring

93
Q

What happens if kisspectin neurons are stimulated

A

stimulates GnRH production

94
Q

When does the ova travel to the uterous

A

early blastocyst stage

95
Q

where does alot of early embryo development take place

A

oviduct

96
Q

True/False: the zona is retained during ova development

A

false it is lost after “hatching”

97
Q

What part of the blastocyst becomes fetus and what part becomes placenta

A

the inner cell mass becomes the fetus and the trophoblast becomes the placenta

98
Q

What must happen for a successful maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

-conceptus must signal to prevent initiation of another cycle
-must occur before luteolysis

99
Q

True/False: P4 can be produced by the placenta in some species

A

true

100
Q

True/False: P4 rises and falls throughout pregnancy

A

false, it remains elevated

101
Q

When does P4 drop during pregnancy

A

abruptly prior to parturition

102
Q

Administration of what will cause abortion at any stage of genstation?

A

prostaglandins

103
Q

What is P4 effects on mammary glands

A

stimulates lobuloalveolar growth

104
Q

True/False: P4 causes milk secretion during lactation

A

false, only prolactin does that

105
Q

What two species do we see pseudopregnancy occur most frequently in

A

dogs and cats

106
Q

what is pseudopregnancy

A

exagerated diestrous response

107
Q

what mechanism causes pseudopregnancy

A

the CL remains functional for a prolonged period of time almost equivalent to that of pregnancy

108
Q

What 5 main hormones does the placenta secrete

A

-profestins
-estrogens
-eCG in horses
-lactogen
-relaxin

109
Q

Why would you use hCG in vet med

A

acts like LH so for luteinizing activity

110
Q

what acts like FSH when given to other species

A

eCG

111
Q

What species produce placental lactogen

A

ruminants

112
Q

what are the two main functions of placental lactogen

A

fetal growth and stimulates mammary gland

113
Q

What is the function of relaxin

A

causes softening and relaxation of pelvic ligaments

114
Q

relaxin is not found in ____ but in ____ in ruminants

A

placenta, CL

115
Q

What is the only anterior pituitary hormone to change levels during pregnancy

A

prolactin

OSSF (37 decks)

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