Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Question 1

components of semen

• name of glands
• purpose/ function of each gland
• percentage of each gland secretion

Answer 1

• seminal vessicles: empty into ejaculatory duct; 60% of semen
• prostate gland: thin milky secretion; 30% of semen
• cowper gland: near bulb of penis; during arousal, produces clear slimy fluid that lubricates head of penis and protects sperm by neutralizing acidity in urethra

Question 2

prostate

• exam/ test for prostatic cancer
• why would an enlarged prostate interfere with urination?

Answer 2

• digital rectal exam: probe through rectal wall to check for tumors in prostate
• enlarged prostate compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine

Question 3

scrotum

• contains
• characteristics

Answer 3

• contains testes
• left testicle lower than right; median septum divides left and right side; perineal raphe is seam from front to back
• spermatic cord contains vas deferens

Question 4

function/ importance of blood-testis barrier (BTB)

Answer 4

• formed by tight junctions between sustentacular cells
• separates sperm from immune system
• prevents antibodies and debris from blood getting into germ cells and stops germ cells from being attacked by immune system

Question 5

parts of the male urethra and correct order

Answer 5

prostatic, membranous, and spongy (penile) urethra

Question 6

function of testosterone and how it influences development

Answer 6

testosterone secretion (8-9wks) causes development of testes; absence of testosterone causes female development

Question 7

function of vas deferens

Answer 7

transport mature sperm cells to urethra for ejaculation/ to fertilize egg

Question 8

paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts vs mesonephric ducts

Answer 8

para duct: develop into female reproductive tract

mesonephric duct: develop into male reproductive tract

Question 9

male genitalia (internal vs external structures)

Answer 9

• internal= inside of body;

- external= outside of body; located in perineum

Question 10

female genitalia (internal vs external structures)

Answer 10

• internal= inside of body; ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
• external= outside of body; located in perineum; clitoris, labias

Question 11

homologous structures of male and female genitalia

Answer 11

• genital tubercle- glans of penis or glans of clitoris
• urogenital folds- penis or labia minora
• labioscrotal folds- scrotum or labia majora
• ovaries or testes
• ovum or sperm

Question 12

mechanism for vaginal moisture

Answer 12

• transudation lubricates vagina (“vaginal sweating”)

- serous fluid through its walls and mucous from cervical gland above it

Question 13

onset of development of mammary glands

Answer 13

-when pregnant

Question 14

hormones responsible for lactations and breast feeding

Answer 14

oxytocin and prolactin

Question 15

how do the mammary glands/ nipples prevent cracking and chapping

Answer 15

oxytocin plays role in lubricating nipples

Question 16

mechanism behind breast cancer

Answer 16

• tumors begin by cells from mammary ducts and may metastasize by getting into lymph system and spreading
• not hereditary

Question 17

regulation of puberty in adulthood; link between hormones and various brain structures

Answer 17

-triggered by release of GnRH that stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary to produce follicle stimulating hormone (developing eggs) and lutenizing hormone (ovulation)

Question 18

regulation of labor

-hormones

Answer 18

• positive feedback loop

- oxytocin

Question 19

regulation of labor

-true vs fake contractions

Answer 19

Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions, but declines after 6 months
myocardium

Question 20

regulation of labor

-stages in order

Answer 20

• dilation
• expulsion
• placental stage

Question 21

position of uterus during and after climax

Answer 21

-when aroused uterus stands at 90 angle, when climax it plateaus and goes back down

Question 22

parts of the uterine fallopian tubes (lengths and positions)

Answer 22

• infundibulum: furthest from uterus
• fimbriae: most important part; closest to uterus
• ampulla: middle and longest part

Question 23

formation of the hymen

Answer 23

mucosal folds on opening of vagina

Question 24

meiosis:

-term for cells (diploid vs haploid and the number of chromosomes in each gamete)

Answer 24

haploid= 4 gametes

Question 25

meiosis:

-correct order of the six phases/ stages

Answer 25

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytokinesis

Question 26

when do gonads begin to develop?

Answer 26

4-5 weeks

Question 27

sperm

• structure
• amount in normal ejaculation vs amount to be considered infertile

Answer 27

• head - acrosome
• midpiece- middle (mitochon)
• tail

Question 28

where is the TDF (testes-determining factor) found?

Answer 28

Y chromosome

Question 29

gonads vs gametes for males and females

Answer 29

• gonads are where gametes are produced
• testes produce sperm
• ovaries produce ovum

Question 30

testis

• when do they descend
• what causes them to descend

Answer 30

• as early as 6 weeks

- gubernaculum extends from gonads to floor of pelvic cavity; passes between obliques into scrotal swelling

Question 31

testis

-what muscle is responsible for contracting (drawing upwards to body)

Answer 31

cremater muscle

Question 32

testis

-what mechanism/ structure is responsible for them not overheating

Answer 32

pampinoform plexus is heat exchanger that cools arterial blood entering testes by absorbing heat

Question 33

physiological changes that happen when males and females climax

Answer 33

-orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically, cervix dips, uterus has peristaltic contractions, and anal and urinary sphinctors contract

Question 34

blood flow to and from the penis

Answer 34

• deep artery brings blood into erectile tissue (thickens weiner)
• dorsal artery is towards surface of penis
• dorsal vein opens and drains penis of blood after arousal

Question 35

structure of the uterus

Answer 35

fondus, body, uterus

Question 36

pregnancy

-importance of the placenta and corpus luteum during pregnancy

Answer 36

• placenta secretes all hormones

- corpus luteum is main source in the first several weeks and acts as placenta / is a sac around the egg

Question 37

pregnancy

-hormones secreted by placenta

Answer 37

estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin

Question 38

pregnancy

-intervals of pregnancy in terms of weeks and months

Answer 38

-first trimester: 
month 1= week 1-4
month 2= week 5-8
month 3= 9-13
-second trimester:
month 4= 14-17
month 5= 18-21
month 6= 22-26
-third
month 7= 27-30
month 8= 31-35
month 9= 36-40

Question 39

pregnancy

-ectopic vs tubal pregnancies

Answer 39

ectopic= fertilized egg implanted anywhere outside of uterus
tubule= implanted in fallopian tube

Question 40

pregnancy

-what hormone is being detected by home pregnancy test and what is secreting these hormones?

Answer 40

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 41

where does the urinary artery arise from?

Answer 41

from each internal iliac artery

Question 42

vagina

-epithelia cells (young vs puberty)

Answer 42

simple cuboidal to stratified squamus

Question 43

vagina

-structures of the vestibule

Answer 43

outer adventitia, middle muscularis, and inner mucousa

Question 44

define menopause

Answer 44

cessation of period

Question 45

define pubarch

Answer 45

happens before puberty- growth of hair, apocrine (smell) and subaceous glands (oily face)