Male and Female Reproductive Systems Flashcards
components of semen
- name of glands
- purpose/ function of each gland
- percentage of each gland secretion
- seminal vessicles: empty into ejaculatory duct; 60% of semen
- prostate gland: thin milky secretion; 30% of semen
- cowper gland: near bulb of penis; during arousal, produces clear slimy fluid that lubricates head of penis and protects sperm by neutralizing acidity in urethra
prostate
- exam/ test for prostatic cancer
- why would an enlarged prostate interfere with urination?
- digital rectal exam: probe through rectal wall to check for tumors in prostate
- enlarged prostate compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine
scrotum
- contains
- characteristics
- contains testes
- left testicle lower than right; median septum divides left and right side; perineal raphe is seam from front to back
- spermatic cord contains vas deferens
function/ importance of blood-testis barrier (BTB)
- formed by tight junctions between sustentacular cells
- separates sperm from immune system
- prevents antibodies and debris from blood getting into germ cells and stops germ cells from being attacked by immune system
parts of the male urethra and correct order
prostatic, membranous, and spongy (penile) urethra
function of testosterone and how it influences development
testosterone secretion (8-9wks) causes development of testes; absence of testosterone causes female development
function of vas deferens
transport mature sperm cells to urethra for ejaculation/ to fertilize egg
paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts vs mesonephric ducts
para duct: develop into female reproductive tract
mesonephric duct: develop into male reproductive tract
male genitalia (internal vs external structures)
- internal= inside of body;
- external= outside of body; located in perineum
female genitalia (internal vs external structures)
- internal= inside of body; ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
- external= outside of body; located in perineum; clitoris, labias
homologous structures of male and female genitalia
- genital tubercle- glans of penis or glans of clitoris
- urogenital folds- penis or labia minora
- labioscrotal folds- scrotum or labia majora
- ovaries or testes
- ovum or sperm
mechanism for vaginal moisture
- transudation lubricates vagina (“vaginal sweating”)
- serous fluid through its walls and mucous from cervical gland above it
onset of development of mammary glands
-when pregnant
hormones responsible for lactations and breast feeding
oxytocin and prolactin
how do the mammary glands/ nipples prevent cracking and chapping
oxytocin plays role in lubricating nipples
mechanism behind breast cancer
- tumors begin by cells from mammary ducts and may metastasize by getting into lymph system and spreading
- not hereditary
regulation of puberty in adulthood; link between hormones and various brain structures
-triggered by release of GnRH that stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary to produce follicle stimulating hormone (developing eggs) and lutenizing hormone (ovulation)
regulation of labor
-hormones
- positive feedback loop
- oxytocin
regulation of labor
-true vs fake contractions
Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions, but declines after 6 months
myocardium
regulation of labor
-stages in order
- dilation
- expulsion
- placental stage
position of uterus during and after climax
-when aroused uterus stands at 90 angle, when climax it plateaus and goes back down
parts of the uterine fallopian tubes (lengths and positions)
- infundibulum: furthest from uterus
- fimbriae: most important part; closest to uterus
- ampulla: middle and longest part
formation of the hymen
mucosal folds on opening of vagina
meiosis:
-term for cells (diploid vs haploid and the number of chromosomes in each gamete)
haploid= 4 gametes
meiosis:
-correct order of the six phases/ stages
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytokinesis
when do gonads begin to develop?
4-5 weeks
sperm
- structure
- amount in normal ejaculation vs amount to be considered infertile
- head - acrosome
- midpiece- middle (mitochon)
- tail
where is the TDF (testes-determining factor) found?
Y chromosome
gonads vs gametes for males and females
- gonads are where gametes are produced
- testes produce sperm
- ovaries produce ovum
testis
- when do they descend
- what causes them to descend
- as early as 6 weeks
- gubernaculum extends from gonads to floor of pelvic cavity; passes between obliques into scrotal swelling
testis
-what muscle is responsible for contracting (drawing upwards to body)
cremater muscle
testis
-what mechanism/ structure is responsible for them not overheating
pampinoform plexus is heat exchanger that cools arterial blood entering testes by absorbing heat
physiological changes that happen when males and females climax
-orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically, cervix dips, uterus has peristaltic contractions, and anal and urinary sphinctors contract
blood flow to and from the penis
- deep artery brings blood into erectile tissue (thickens weiner)
- dorsal artery is towards surface of penis
- dorsal vein opens and drains penis of blood after arousal
structure of the uterus
fondus, body, uterus
pregnancy
-importance of the placenta and corpus luteum during pregnancy
- placenta secretes all hormones
- corpus luteum is main source in the first several weeks and acts as placenta / is a sac around the egg
pregnancy
-hormones secreted by placenta
estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin
pregnancy
-intervals of pregnancy in terms of weeks and months
-first trimester: month 1= week 1-4 month 2= week 5-8 month 3= 9-13 -second trimester: month 4= 14-17 month 5= 18-21 month 6= 22-26 -third month 7= 27-30 month 8= 31-35 month 9= 36-40
pregnancy
-ectopic vs tubal pregnancies
ectopic= fertilized egg implanted anywhere outside of uterus tubule= implanted in fallopian tube
pregnancy
-what hormone is being detected by home pregnancy test and what is secreting these hormones?
human chorionic gonadotropin
where does the urinary artery arise from?
from each internal iliac artery
vagina
-epithelia cells (young vs puberty)
simple cuboidal to stratified squamus
vagina
-structures of the vestibule
outer adventitia, middle muscularis, and inner mucousa
define menopause
cessation of period
define pubarch
happens before puberty- growth of hair, apocrine (smell) and subaceous glands (oily face)
