Endocrine System Flashcards
exocrine vs endocrine glands
- Endocrine glands: no ducts; contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into blood stream; internal secretions; intercellular effects such as altering cell metabolism (used within organ or may go into blood stream and funnel out)
- Exocrine glands: have ducts that carry secretions to epithelial surface or mucosa of digestive tract; external secretions; extracellular effects (food digestion)
nervous system vs endocrine system in response to internal and external stimuli
- Nervous system: electrical and chemical; serves for external communication; reacts quickly and stops quickly (ex. dog chasing you); response adapts quickly to long term stimuli (quicker to respond, quicker to die off), area of effect is targeted and specific (one organ)
- Endocrine system: only chemical; reacts slowly and effects may last for weeks (ex. jumpy every time you see dog after being chased); adapts slowly to long term stimuli; general area of effect and wide spread effects (ex. many organs- reproductive system, etc)
what organs or cells do hormones act on?
- Hormones: chemical messengers that travel through blood stream and stimulate physiological responses of further organs
- pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid, gonads
- act on target cells
what are target cell/ organs roles?
-organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it (like lock and key)
parts of the pituitary gland
- adenohypophysis: anterior pituitary; arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of throat)
- neurohypophysis: posterior pituitary; down growth from brain
endocrine system function
-what events does it help us adapt to?
-helps to adapt to stress
know what chemicals are referred to as both a neurotransmitter and hormone (5)
norepinephrine cholecystokinin thyrotropin releasing hormone dopamine antidiuretic hormone
what are hormones and what is their function?
chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs
stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
GAS: consistent was the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Stages:
- alarm reaction
- stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion
what are neurotransmitters and what is their function?
released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
know all organs that are considered to be an endocrine gland (9)
pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland thymus adrenal gland pancreas parathyroid gland gonads
function of pineal gland
- function with circadian rhythm
- synthesizes melatonin and serotonin during the night
function of the thymus -what systems does it have a role in
- role in endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems
- site of maturation of T cells important in immune defense
- secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes
T/F: Exocrine glands have no ducts and contain dense fenestrated capillary networks, which allows easy uptake of hormones into the blood stream.
False
T/F: The pituitary gland is composed of two parts: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis).
True
Hormones are:
a. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes move from cell to cell
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to a second cell
c. Secreted into tissue to affect nearby cells
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs
Neurotransmitters are:
a. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes move from cell to cell
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
c. Secreted into tissue to affect nearby cells
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
T/F: Target organs or cells are those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone but are unable to respond to it.
False
T/F: Both the nervous system and endocrine system serve for external communication.
False
All of the following chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters, except:
a. Dopamine
b. Oxytocin
c. Norepinephrine
d. Cholecystokinin
e. All of the above
b. Oxytocin
Chemical messengers that are transported by the blood stream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away are known as:
hormones
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocoticoids (specifically cortisol). Which of the following is not a stage of GAS?
a. Alarm reaction
b. Stage of adaptation
c. Stage of resistance
e. Stage of exhaustion
b. Stage of adaptation
Somatostatin is secreted by:
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
c. Delta cells
