Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine vs endocrine glands

A
  • Endocrine glands: no ducts; contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into blood stream; internal secretions; intercellular effects such as altering cell metabolism (used within organ or may go into blood stream and funnel out)
  • Exocrine glands: have ducts that carry secretions to epithelial surface or mucosa of digestive tract; external secretions; extracellular effects (food digestion)
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2
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system in response to internal and external stimuli

A
  • Nervous system: electrical and chemical; serves for external communication; reacts quickly and stops quickly (ex. dog chasing you); response adapts quickly to long term stimuli (quicker to respond, quicker to die off), area of effect is targeted and specific (one organ)
  • Endocrine system: only chemical; reacts slowly and effects may last for weeks (ex. jumpy every time you see dog after being chased); adapts slowly to long term stimuli; general area of effect and wide spread effects (ex. many organs- reproductive system, etc)
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3
Q

what organs or cells do hormones act on?

A
  • Hormones: chemical messengers that travel through blood stream and stimulate physiological responses of further organs
  • pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid, gonads
  • act on target cells
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4
Q

what are target cell/ organs roles?

A

-organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it (like lock and key)

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5
Q

parts of the pituitary gland

A
  • adenohypophysis: anterior pituitary; arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of throat)
  • neurohypophysis: posterior pituitary; down growth from brain
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6
Q

endocrine system function

-what events does it help us adapt to?

A

-helps to adapt to stress

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7
Q

know what chemicals are referred to as both a neurotransmitter and hormone (5)

A
norepinephrine
cholecystokinin 
thyrotropin releasing hormone
dopamine
antidiuretic hormone
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8
Q

what are hormones and what is their function?

A

chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs

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9
Q

stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

GAS: consistent was the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Stages:

  • alarm reaction
  • stage of resistance
  • stage of exhaustion
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10
Q

what are neurotransmitters and what is their function?

A

released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

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11
Q

know all organs that are considered to be an endocrine gland (9)

A
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
parathyroid gland
gonads
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12
Q

function of pineal gland

A
  • function with circadian rhythm

- synthesizes melatonin and serotonin during the night

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13
Q
function of the thymus 
-what systems does it have a role in
A
  • role in endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems
  • site of maturation of T cells important in immune defense
  • secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes
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14
Q

T/F: Exocrine glands have no ducts and contain dense fenestrated capillary networks, which allows easy uptake of hormones into the blood stream.

A

False

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15
Q

T/F: The pituitary gland is composed of two parts: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis).

A

True

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16
Q

Hormones are:

a. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes move from cell to cell
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to a second cell
c. Secreted into tissue to affect nearby cells
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

A

d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

17
Q

Neurotransmitters are:

a. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes move from cell to cell
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
c. Secreted into tissue to affect nearby cells
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

A

b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell

18
Q

T/F: Target organs or cells are those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone but are unable to respond to it.

A

False

19
Q

T/F: Both the nervous system and endocrine system serve for external communication.

A

False

20
Q

All of the following chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters, except:

a. Dopamine
b. Oxytocin
c. Norepinephrine
d. Cholecystokinin
e. All of the above

A

b. Oxytocin

21
Q

Chemical messengers that are transported by the blood stream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away are known as:

A

hormones

22
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocoticoids (specifically cortisol). Which of the following is not a stage of GAS?

a. Alarm reaction
b. Stage of adaptation
c. Stage of resistance
e. Stage of exhaustion

A

b. Stage of adaptation

23
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by:

a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells

A

c. Delta cells