Endocrine System

Question 1

exocrine vs endocrine glands

Answer 1

• Endocrine glands: no ducts; contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into blood stream; internal secretions; intercellular effects such as altering cell metabolism (used within organ or may go into blood stream and funnel out)
• Exocrine glands: have ducts that carry secretions to epithelial surface or mucosa of digestive tract; external secretions; extracellular effects (food digestion)

Question 2

nervous system vs endocrine system in response to internal and external stimuli

Answer 2

• Nervous system: electrical and chemical; serves for external communication; reacts quickly and stops quickly (ex. dog chasing you); response adapts quickly to long term stimuli (quicker to respond, quicker to die off), area of effect is targeted and specific (one organ)
• Endocrine system: only chemical; reacts slowly and effects may last for weeks (ex. jumpy every time you see dog after being chased); adapts slowly to long term stimuli; general area of effect and wide spread effects (ex. many organs- reproductive system, etc)

Question 3

what organs or cells do hormones act on?

Answer 3

• Hormones: chemical messengers that travel through blood stream and stimulate physiological responses of further organs
• pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid, gonads
• act on target cells

Question 4

what are target cell/ organs roles?

Answer 4

-organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it (like lock and key)

Question 5

parts of the pituitary gland

Answer 5

• adenohypophysis: anterior pituitary; arises from hypophyseal pouch (outgrowth of throat)
• neurohypophysis: posterior pituitary; down growth from brain

Question 6

endocrine system function

-what events does it help us adapt to?

Answer 6

-helps to adapt to stress

Question 7

know what chemicals are referred to as both a neurotransmitter and hormone (5)

Answer 7

norepinephrine
cholecystokinin 
thyrotropin releasing hormone
dopamine
antidiuretic hormone

Question 8

what are hormones and what is their function?

Answer 8

chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs

Question 9

stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 9

GAS: consistent was the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Stages:

• alarm reaction
• stage of resistance
• stage of exhaustion

Question 10

what are neurotransmitters and what is their function?

Answer 10

released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

Question 11

know all organs that are considered to be an endocrine gland (9)

Answer 11

pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
parathyroid gland
gonads

Question 12

function of pineal gland

Answer 12

• function with circadian rhythm

- synthesizes melatonin and serotonin during the night

Question 13

function of the thymus 
-what systems does it have a role in

Answer 13

• role in endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems
• site of maturation of T cells important in immune defense
• secretes hormones (thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin) that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes

Question 14

T/F: Exocrine glands have no ducts and contain dense fenestrated capillary networks, which allows easy uptake of hormones into the blood stream.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

T/F: The pituitary gland is composed of two parts: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis).

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Hormones are:

a. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes move from cell to cell
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to a second cell
c. Secreted into tissue to affect nearby cells
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

Answer 16

d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

Question 17

Neurotransmitters are:

a. Pores in the cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes move from cell to cell
b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell
c. Secreted into tissue to affect nearby cells
d. Chemical messages that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

Answer 17

b. Released from neurons to travel across synaptic clefts to a second cell

Question 18

T/F: Target organs or cells are those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone but are unable to respond to it.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

T/F: Both the nervous system and endocrine system serve for external communication.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

All of the following chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters, except:

a. Dopamine
b. Oxytocin
c. Norepinephrine
d. Cholecystokinin
e. All of the above

Answer 20

b. Oxytocin

Question 21

Chemical messengers that are transported by the blood stream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away are known as:

Answer 21

hormones

Question 22

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocoticoids (specifically cortisol). Which of the following is not a stage of GAS?

a. Alarm reaction
b. Stage of adaptation
c. Stage of resistance
e. Stage of exhaustion

Answer 22

b. Stage of adaptation

Question 23

Somatostatin is secreted by:

a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells

Answer 23

c. Delta cells