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A&P II > Digestion and Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

define chemical and mechanical digestion

A
  • mechanical: breaking up of food into smaller pieces

- chemical: further breaking up of larger molecules of food into smaller molecules by action of digestive enzymes

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2
Q

define pancreatic lipase; know effect on fat

A

-degrades fat

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3
Q

define body weight

A

-determined by body’s energy balance

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4
Q

incomplete vs complete digestive systems and examples of each

A
  • incomplete: single opening for ingestion of food (no anus); invertebrates
  • complete: digestive tube with 2 openings (mouth and anus); vertebrates, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms
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5
Q

absorption and where it happens

A

-simple sugars and protein are absorbed into inner lining of small intestine

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6
Q

leptin vs insulin and effect on appetite

A
  • leptin: secreted by by adipocytes; informs brain on how much fat we have; larger effect on appetite than insulin
  • insulin: secreted by pancreatic beta cells; stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake; promotes glycogen and fat synthesis; has receptors in brain and functions like leptin, as index of body’s fat stores; weaker effect on appetite
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7
Q

monosaccharides vs disaccharides

A
  • monosaccharides: 1 sugar; glucose, fructose, galactose

- disaccharides: 2 sugars; sucrose, maltose, lactose

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8
Q

define ingestion

A

-process of taking food into the digestive system so that it may be hydrolyzed or digested

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9
Q

define nutrition

A
  • process of taking in and using food

- the starting point and basis for all human form and function; source of fuel that provides energy for all biological

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10
Q

define nutrients

A

-substances in food that are used as energy sources to run the body (what you get from food you digest)

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11
Q

define digestion

A

-the breakdown of food (chemically or mechanically) in order to utilize nutrients

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12
Q

define amylase

A

-enzyme that breaks down starch

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13
Q

macronutrients vs micronutrients (types of each)

A
  • macronutrients: must be consumed in relatively large quantities; protein, carbs, lipids
  • micronutrients: small quantities required; vitamins, minerals
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14
Q

define bolus, how it’s made, and the activity of peristalsis

A
  • bolus: ball of food formed by saliva after chewing, goes to back of mouth and throat, gets swallowed
  • peristalsis: involuntary muscles contractions that move food down esophagus after swallowing, until reaches stomach
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15
Q

aerobic (cellular) respiration (also known as balanced equation)

A

C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
glucose (from food) + oxygen (from plants) go in system and exhale as carbon dioxide and water
-transfers energy from glucose to ATP

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16
Q

define thermoregulation, evaporation, and convection

A
  • thermoregulation: balance between heat production and loss
  • evaporation: lose heat to air
  • convection: heat in body follows air outside
17
Q

define cutaneous vasodilation

A

-increase blood flow close to body’s surface and promotes heat loss; if necessary, triggers sweating and inhibits heat promoting center

18
Q

define vestigial organ (examples)

A

-organ that we have but don’t use; appendix

19
Q

HDL vs LDL (good vs bad, correct ratio, and origin)

A
  • HDL: high density lipoproteins; production in liver; removes excess cholesterol; good to have high number of HDLs
  • LDL: low density lipoproteins; hold cholesterol to be released for intercellular use; high LDL is bad bc stores cholesterol in body and liver is not transporting as it’s supposed to; correlates with high cholesterol
20
Q

organs of digestive system and their function/job

A
  • mouth: chemical and mechanical digestion; breaks up food
  • pharynx: back of throat; hallway of food
  • esophagus: canal attached to stomach; peristalsis
  • stomach: food temporarily stored here; gastric juices secreted; chemical and mechanical digestion; disinfect food
  • small intestine: most of chemical digestion; simple sugars and proteins absorbed into inner lining; chemical digestion and absorption
  • large intestine: reabsorbs water; solid materials pass through
  • rectum: eliminates feces
21
Q

what causes one to sweat/ shiver? where is this heat promoting center located

A
  • heat promoting center located in hypothalamus;
  • vasoconstriction leads to shivering
  • vasodilation leads to sweating
22
Q

accessory glands of digestive system

A
  • salivary glands: release amylase to breakdown starch, saliva to lubricate, and mucinin to glide
  • pancreas: secretes exocrine (digestive enzyme) and endocrine (hormone)
  • gallbladder: stores bile
  • liver: produces bile
23
Q

job/ role of liver and relationship with gall bladder

A

-liver produces bile; gallbladder stores it

24
Q

pathway for digestion (order in which food moves through system)

A
  1. food processing begins in mouth
  2. food is swallowed and moved through pharynx to esophagus
  3. food is chemically and mechanically digested in stomach
  4. liver secretes bile
  5. pancreas secretes digestive enzyme into stomach to break down food
  6. most enzymatic digestion happens in small intestine
  7. nutrients are digested as the move through digestive tract
  8. nerves and hormones regulate digestion
  9. absorption takes place
25
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A
  • not brining enough needed nitrogen into body (excretion exceeds ingestion of protein)
  • body proteins being broken down for fuel; carb and fat intake is insufficient to meet body energy needs
  • atrophy
26
Q

chief cells vs parietal cells

A
  • parietal: in gastic glands; secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
  • chief cells: secrete pepsinogen, when pepsinogen comes in contact with gastric juices it becomes pepsin (main digestive enzyme of stomach); pepsin breaks down protien
  • both only work in acidic enviro
27
Q

pathway for digestion (order in which food moves through system)

A
  1. food processing begins in mouth
  2. food is swallowed and moved through pharynx to esophagus
  3. food is chemically and mechanically digested in stomach
  4. liver secretes bile
  5. pancreas secretes digestive enzyme into stomach to break down food
  6. most enzymatic digestion happens in small intestine
  7. nutrients are digested as the move through digestive tract
  8. nerves and hormones regulate digestion
  9. absorption takes place
    mainly through villi and microvilli of small intestine
  10. large intestine eliminates waste leading to the opening for the elimination of wastes (rectum, anus)

A&P II (13 decks)

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